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Query: UMLS:C0432222 (SEM)
 47,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The presence of human thyroglobulin (HTg) in serum of patients was identical by immunological criteria to the serum standard used in the radioimmunoassay. The serum thyroglobulin levels in untreated patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma ranged from 22.0 to 445.0 ng/ml with a mean of 144.3 +/- 46.5 ng/ml (SEM) (n = 10). The mean serum thyroglobulin measured postoperatively in seven of these patients was 6.4 +/- 1.5 ng/ml, not statistacally different from the mean level of 5.1 +/- 0.49 ng/ml (range 0-20.7 ng/ml) observed in 71 out of 95 control subjects with detectable HTg levels. By contrast serum HTg levels were normal or undetectable in subjects with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. HTg levels were within normal limits in sera of patients who had previously undergone successful therapy for a differentiated thyroid carcinoma and in whom no metastases could be documented. The mean level for this group was 4.9 +/- 0.51 ng/ml (n = 43). In contrast, patients with documented metastases had a mean serum thyroglobulin level of 464.9 +/- 155.6 ng/ml (n = 6). The data support the thesis that in differentiated thyroid carcinoma serum thyroglobulin levels are elevated when metastases develop after initial treatment. It is proposed that the measurement of thyroglobulin in the serum represents a simple and valuable adjunct in the posttreatment follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer.
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PMID:Elevated serum thyroglobulin. A marker of metastases in differentiated thyroid carcinomas. 115 Aug 69

Soluble CD25 antigen was measured in 28 patients with Graves' disease and 20 patients with thyroid autonomy in order to address the question of whether this parameter could be used in the differential diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis. Soluble CD25 was significantly elevated in active Graves' disease (2430 +/- 442 U/ml, mean +/- SEM) compared to patients with thyroid autonomy (1295 +/- 225 U/ml, mean +/- SEM). However, compared to normal controls (mean 605 +/- 49 U/ml), both groups of patients had significantly elevated CD25 plasma levels. Investigations in thyroidectomized thyroid cancer patients on and off T4 suppressive therapy showed no influence of T4 on the CD25 level. Soluble CD25 concentrations did not differ in thyroid cancer patients compared to normal controls. We conclude that soluble CD25 may indicate a stimulation of the immune system with high sensitivity; however, due to the low specificity of elevated CD25 levels, its usefulness for differential diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis is limited.
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PMID:Is soluble CD25 antigen (interleukin-2 receptor) a useful parameter for differential diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis? 160 Mar 37

Calcitonin has an uncertain role in the preservation of bone mass. Since surgical thyroidectomy abolishes the calcitonin secretion in response to calcium, the bone mineral density at the radius shaft and lumbar spine was measured in 60 patients (5 men, 16 premenopausal, 34 postmenopausal euparathyroid and 5 postmenopausal hypoparathyroid women) who had undergone near total thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer 8.4 +/- 0.7 years before the study. All patients were maintained on suppressive doses of thyroid hormones. Bone mineral density values of the radius shaft (expressed as Z-score) of 34 postmenopausal euparathyroid women was significantly below the normal average (mean +/- SEM = -0.59 +/- 0.2; p = 0.01). Bone mineral density of the lumbar spine was also below the normal average although the difference only approached statistical significance (-0.36 +/- 0.2; 0.05 less than p less than 0.1). The bone mineral density of neither the radius nor the spine differed from normal levels in the premenopausal women and the postmenopausal hypoparathyroid women. Unexpectedly, the bone mineral density of the spine was significantly increased in the 5 thyroidectomized men. The results indicate that thyroidectomized women have a diminished bone mass after the menopause only if parathyroid function is normal. Since the patients were receiving thyroid hormone at suppressive doses, the present study is not able to separate the relative contributions of calcitonin deficit and exogenous thyroid on bone mass loss.
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PMID:Bone mass in totally thyroidectomized patients. Role of calcitonin deficiency and exogenous thyroid treatment. 202 10

To examine the effects of total thyroidectomy on skeletal mineral content we performed dual photon densitometry of the spine and hip in 18 patients with well differentiated thyroid cancer treated with total thyroidectomy and post-thyroidectomy 131-I thyroid remnant ablation. Study subjects were 18 Caucasian females, 45-55 years old, no more than 3 years post-menopausal, 4-20 years (mean 9.7) post-thyroidectomy and 131-I ablation. All subjects were free of disease by all criteria and receiving slightly supra-physiological doses of thyroxine. These subjects were compared with 16 carefully age and sex matched controls without thyroid disease. Patients and controls did not differ significantly in: age (mean-range) 50.2 (45-55) vs 48.7 (45-54) years, height 165.1 (152.4-177.8) vs 164.6 (157.5-172.7) cm, or weight 76.7 (49.1-122.7) vs 71.3 (54.5-104.5) kg. Neither did they differ in (mean +/- SEM): serum calcium 9.45 +/- 0.44 vs 9.49 +/- 0.36 mg/dl, serum inorganic phosphate 3.51 +/- 0.67 vs 3.60 +/- 0.43 mg/dl, serum creatinine 0.84 +/- 0.14 vs 0.91 +/- 0.11 mg/dl or PTH 151.7 +/- 71.0 vs 162.4 +/- 52.0 pg/ml. The T12 index was significantly greater in patients on exogenous thyroxine, 12.0 +/- 2.3 vs 8.7 +/- 1.3 (p less than 0.005) although TSH values performed with a standard sensitivity rather than a super sensitive TSH assay were not significantly different 1.8 +/- 0.9 vs 3.2 +/- 1.6 microU/ml. Lumbar vertebral (L2-4) mineral content was not different between patients and controls, 1.245 +/- 0.900 g/cm2 vs. 1.238 +/- 0.166 g/cm2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The effect of thyroidectomy on bone mineral content in perimenopausal women. 248 64

The presence of IGF-I receptors was demonstrated in normal and neoplastic tissues of human thyroid. Binding of (125I)IGF-I to thyroid membranes was dependent on time and temperature of incubation, and maximal binding was achieved at 4 degree C and 18 h of incubation. (125I)IGI-I binding was dose-dependently displaced by unlabelled IGF-I; half-maximal inhibition occurred at concentrations of 10-20 milligrams. IGF-II and insulin had relative potencies of 5 and 1% compared with IGF-I. Scatchard analysis of binding data revealed a single class of IGF-I receptors with high affinity (Ka: 1.2-8.6 x 10(9) 1/mol) in normal thyroid tissues. Affinity cross-linking and autoradiography demonstrated the type IIGF receptors. Specific binding of (125I)IGF-1 in thyroid cancer tissues (9.69 +/- 2.07% per 200 micrograms protein; mean +/- SEM, N = 8) was significantly (p less than 0.05) higher than that in the surrounding normal tissues (3.03 +/- 0.35%, N = 8). In contrast there was no difference in the binding between adenoma tissues (4.19 +/- 0.53%, N = 5) and the adjacent normal tissues (2.94 +/- 0.24%, N = 5). The higher IGF-I binding in cancer tissues was due to an increase in the binding capacity without any change in the affinity. The presence of IGF-I receptors suggests a possible role of IGF-I and its receptors in the growth of thyroid cancer cells.
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PMID:Expression of insulin-like growth factor receptors in primary human thyroid neoplasms. 254 61

A number of research laboratories have reported great variability in the levels of serum thyroglobulin (Tg) in normal subjects, the reason for which is not immediately apparent. The present study was designed to determine how important these variations were by submitting three identical standards to all participating laboratories. Three lyophilized human sera (standards A, B, and C) with increasing concentrations of Tg (5.3, 30.6, and 80.6 ng/ml, respectively) were submitted to 37 laboratories (40 assays) in 18 different countries. Standard A gave detectable values in 19 assays. The mean serum Tg concentration was 6.3 +/- 1.4 (+/- SEM) ng/ml (n = 18). Standard B was detected in all but 3 assays. The mean serum Tg concentration in standard B was 15.7 +/- 1.4 ng/ml (n = 37). All laboratories were able to detect Tg in standard C, and reported a mean serum Tg concentration of 36.5 +/- 3.2 ng/ml (n = 40). Lyophilization affected the recovery of Tg in our assay. This was confirmed by a study in which lyophilized standards A, B, and C and frozen standards were analyzed in the same assays. The remarkable finding was that the variability in serum Tg values reported by the various assays was great despite the submission of an identical set of standards of each of the laboratories. Wide interassay variation raises problems with respect to the applicability of threshold levels proposed by certain studies. The latter is particularly germane to the follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. It is concluded that the development of a world standard for Tg may be a first and important step toward standardization of Tg assays, and that other components of the assays may need standardization as well.
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PMID:An international cooperative study evaluating serum thyroglobulin standards. 396 93

We examined 327 patients with a history of cervical radiation treatment for benign conditions and followed them for an average of 5.6 yr. These patients were selected because they initially had normal examinations and normal serum thyroglobulin levels. Of the 327 patients, 48 developed thyroid nodules, and an additional 30 had other clinical changes in their thyroids. Serum thyroglobulin increased by 4.0 +/- 0.6 (+/- SEM) ng/ml in those who remained normal, by 13.4 +/- 5.2 ng/ml in those who were no longer normal, and by 17.1 +/- 8.2 ng/ml in those who developed nodules. We conclude that increasing levels of serum thyroglobulin identify patients who should be examined and followed more carefully for thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer.
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PMID:Prospective serum thyroglobulin measurements in assessing the risk of developing thyroid nodules in patients exposed to childhood neck irradiation. 401 14

Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a glycoprotein produced exclusively by the thyroid. It can be found in the serum of healthy people as well as of those with various thyroid disorders. Elimination of Tg from the body occurs through the liver. The data on Tg serum half-life in the literature are scarce, and the reported values vary from 6-96 h. The aim of our study was to determine the Tg half-life after surgical removal of the thyroid gland. Knowing the exact half-life of Tg would enable rational timing of sampling serum for determination of Tg after thyroid surgery or chemotherapy and/or irradiation for evaluation of treatment in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). In 11 patients (10 females and one male, aged 27-85 years) serum samples were taken 24, 48, 72 and 168 h after a near-total or total thyroidectomy. Serum Tg levels were determined and Tg half-life calculated by the use of a one-compartment kinetic model. Mean Tg half-life was 65.2 h (SEM = 4.3), and Tg levels decrease below 5-10 ng/ml approximately only 25 days after thyroidectomy (7-10 x t1/2). Therefore, earlier determination of Tg cannot be used either for reliable detection of distant metastases or for evaluation of the effect of chemotherapy and/or irradiation.
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PMID:The dynamics of serum thyroglobulin elimination from the body after thyroid surgery. 923 92

As lithium inhibits the release of iodine from the thyroid but does not change iodine uptake, it may potentiate 131I therapy of thyroid cancer. The effects of lithium on the accumulation and retention of 131I in metastatic lesions and thyroid remnants were evaluated in 15 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Two 131I turnover studies were performed while the patients were hypothyroid. One was performed while the patient received lithium; the second served as a control study. From a series of gamma-camera images, it was found that lithium increased 131I retention in 24 of 31 metastatic lesions and in 6 of 7 thyroid remnants. A comparison of 131I retention during lithium with that during the control period showed that the mean increase in the biological or retention half-life was 50% in tumors and 90% in remnants. This increase occurred in at least 1 lesion in each patient and was proportionally greater in lesions with poor 131I retention. When the control biological half life was less than 3 days, lithium prolonged the effective half-life, which combines both biological turnover and isotope decay, in responding metastases by more than 50%. More 131I also accumulated during lithium therapy, probably as a consequence of its effect on iodine release. The increase in the accumulated 131I and the lengthening of the effective half-life combined to increase the estimated 131I radiation dose in metastatic tumor by 2.29 +/- 0.58 (mean +/- SEM) times. These studies suggest that lithium may be a useful adjuvant for 131I therapy of thyroid cancer, augmenting both the accumulation and retention of 131I in lesions.
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PMID:Lithium as a potential adjuvant to 131I therapy of metastatic, well differentiated thyroid carcinoma. 1008 70

The identification of metastatic neck lymph nodes in patients awaiting surgery for differentiated thyroid tumor permits their excision during thyroidectomy. In order to detect thyroid cancer lymphatic metastasis before surgery, we measured thyroglobulin (Tg) in the needle wash-out of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). Ultrasound-guided FNAB on enlarged neck nodes was performed in 23 patients awaiting surgery for differentiated thyroid tumor (n = 33 lymph nodes), 47 patients previously thyroidectomized for thyroid tumor (n = 89 lymph nodes), and 60 patients without thyroid disease (n = 94 lymph nodes). Immediately after aspiration biopsy, the needle was rinsed with 1 mL of normal saline solution and Tg levels were measured on the needle wash-out (FNAB-Tg). FNAB-Tg levels were markedly elevated in metastatic lymph nodes both in patients awaiting thyroidectomy (metastatic vs. negative lymph nodes, mean +/- SEM, 16,593 +/- 7,050 ng/mL vs. 4.91 +/- 1.61 ng/mL; p < 0.001) and in thyroidectomized patients (11,541 +/- 7,283 ng/mL vs. 0.45 +/- 0.07 ng/mL; p < 0.001). FNAB-Tg sensitivity, evaluated through histological examination in 69 lymph nodes, was 84.0%. The combination of cytology plus FNAB-Tg increased FNAB sensitivity from 76% to 92.0%. In conclusion, FNAB-Tg measurement is a useful technique for early diagnosis of lymph node metastasis originating from differentiated thyroid cancer.
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PMID:Role of thyroglobulin measurement in fine-needle aspiration biopsies of cervical lymph nodes in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. 1009 Mar 8


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