Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Patients with renal failure often have wasting syndrome, owing both to poor dietary intake and to the rigors and consequences of the uremic syndrome. Dietary therapy aims to improve nutritional status and also to minimize uremic toxicity and the metabolic imbalances associated with failing kidney function. Excessive protein intake can increase uremic toxicity, but opinion is divided as to when protein intake should be restricted. Restriction rarely is necessary until the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is below 25 ml/min. When the GFR is between 4 and 10 ml/min, a diet containing 35 (for women and very small men) to 40 gm of high-quality protein will maintain good nutrition and relative freedom from symptoms. With a GFR below 4 to 5 ml/min, maintenance dialysis should be instituted or a supplemental diet containing essential amino acids may be used. Most patients should receive calories in the amount of at least 35 kcal/kg of body weight per day. Supplements of folic acid, pyridoxine hydrochloride, ascorbic acid, and the water-soluble vitamins should be given. Sodium and water restriction may be necessary.
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PMID:Nutritional management of chronic renal failure. 10 82

Hydrogel extended-wear contact lenses, worn on a daily-wear regimen, were tested for 1 year by USAF aircrew members. A total of 62 eyes were fitted with Hydrocurve II (55% water content) spherical lenses, 29 with Hydrocurve II (55% water content) toric lenses, and 61 with CSI-T (38.5% water content) spherical lenses. The mean lens replacement rate for torn lenses per aircrew member was determined to be 1.45 lenses a year. The replacement rate of Hydrocurve II spherical lenses compared to CSI-T lenses was not statistically significant. However, the replacement rate for Hydrocurve II toric lenses was significantly lower than both Hydrocurve II spherical lenses and CSI-T lenses (p less than 0.01). The extended-wear lenses tested in this study appeared to be durable enough for the rigors of daily wear.
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PMID:The durability of hydrogel extended-wear contact lenses worn for daily wear by USAF aircrew members. 185 44

The ability of a biomaterial to withstand the rigors of the harsh biologic environment is an important consideration when considering a material for long-term biomedical applications. Using a cage implant system, the effects of an intense inflammatory reaction on cast Biomer have been investigated. The inflammatory response to cast Biomer was greatly increased by coimplanting Biomer films with a cytotoxic poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in rats for a period of 21 days. Cast Biomer films were characterized by weight, advancing contact angle with water in air, attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The analyses were performed before any treatment, after autoclaving and sonication, and after 21 days implantation with the cytotoxic (PVC) in rats. The results of the study indicated that cast Biomer does not undergo significant chemical degradation when subjected to the effects of an intense inflammatory reaction for 21 days. Implantation does, however, lead to rearrangement that results in a more polar and hydrophilic surface, suggesting that the polymer adapts to the hydrophilic environment of the inflammatory exudate.
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PMID:The effects of an enhanced inflammatory reaction on the surface properties of cast Biomer. 395 56

The decision of the editors to solicit a review for the Medical Progress series of this journal devoted to current concepts of the renal handling of salt and water is sound in that this important topic in kidney physiology has recently been the object of a number of new, exciting and, in some instances, quite unexpected insights into the mechanisms governing sodium excretion. These developments have come about largely as a consequence of the fact that segments of nephrons previously inaccessible to direct study are now readily accessible. Many of the findings to be discussed argue for extensive revision of a number of our current widely held views concerning the renal handling of sodium chloride and water. In the opinion of the authors, the strength of this argument rests in the fact that many of these new findings were obtained under circumstances that enabled workers to gain more direct access to the nephron than has been possible heretofore. This is not to say that areas of controversy and disagreement no longer exist. Wherever possible, these have been identified. In attempting to provide a comprehensive review of this topic, it has been necessary at times to overgeneralize and to disregard minor deficiencies in some of the studies cited. Finally, we wish to emphasize that a considerable portion of the information contained herein derives from work still under active investigation. Much of this contemporary work will undoubtedly withstand the rigors of future experimental scrutiny. It is inevitable, however, as William James so aptly noted in the quotation cited below, that some of our present ideas will need to be abandoned or revised in favor of newer, more convincing evidence. Seen in this light, the present effort is intended as nothing more than a timely survey of this active and fertile topic in renal physiology.
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PMID:Current concepts of sodium chloride and water transport by the mammalian nephron. 459 Aug 88

Of 33,111 patients admitted to a large hospital in Vietnam from November 2000 through July 2001, a total of 303 were undergoing hemodialysis and had pyrogenic reactions (ie, fever and/or rigors). Ten case patients (3.3%) had documented bacteremia; pathogens were largely waterborne microorganisms. Pyrogenic reactions in case patients might have occurred because of suboptimal water quality or inadequate dialyzer reprocessing procedures.
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PMID:Pyrogenic reactions in hemodialysis patients, Hanoi, Vietnam. 1662 25

Several years of research on seven different plants (five terrestrial and two aquatic species) suggest that the beneficial effects of atmospheric CO(2) enrichment may be divided into three distinct growth response phases. First is a well-watered optimum-growth-rate phase where a 300 parts per million increase in the CO(2) content of the air generally increases plant productivity by approximately 30%. Next comes a nonlethal water-stressed phase where the same increase in atmospheric CO(2) is more than half again as effective in increasing plant productivity. Finally, there is a water-stressed phase normally indicative of impending death, where atmospheric CO(2) enrichment may actually prevent plants from succumbing to the rigors of the environment and enable them to maintain essential life processes, as life ebbs from corresponding ambient-treatment plants.
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PMID:Three Phases of Plant Response to Atmospheric CO(2) Enrichment. 1666 25

Turtles are a small taxon that has nevertheless attracted much attention from biologists for centuries. However, a major portion of their life cycle has received relatively little attention until recently - namely what turtles are doing, and how they are doing it, during the winter. In the northern parts of their ranges in North America, turtles may spend more than half of their lives in an overwintering state. In this review, I emphasise the ecological aspects of overwintering among turtles, and consider how overwintering stresses affect the physiology, behaviour, distributions, and life histories of various species. Sea turtles are the only group of turtles that migrate extensively, and can therefore avoid northern winters. Nevertheless, each year a number of turtles, largely juveniles, are killed when trapped by cold fronts before they move to safer waters. Evidently this risk is an acceptable trade-off for the benefits to a population of inhabiting northern developmental habitats during the summer. Terrestrial turtles pass the winter underground, either in burrows that they excavate or that are preformed. These refugia must provide protection against desiccation and lethal freezing levels. Some burrows are extensive (tortoise genus Gopherus), while others are shallow, or the turtles may simply dig into the ground to a safe depth (turtle genus Terrapene). In the latter genus, freeze tolerance may play an adaptive role. Most non-marine aquatic turtles overwinter underwater, although Clemmys (Actinemys) marmorata routinely overwinters on land when it occurs in riverine habitats, Kinosternon subrubrum often overwinters on land, and several others may overwinter terrestrially on occasion, especially in more southern climates. For northern species that overwinter underwater, there are two physiological groupings, those that are anoxia-tolerant and those that are relatively anoxia-intolerant. All species fare well physiologically in water with a high partial pressure of oxygen (PO2). A lack of anoxia tolerance limits the types of habitats that a freshwater turtle may live in, since unlike sea turtles, they cannot travel long distances to hibernate. Hatchlings of some species of turtles spend their first winter in or below the nest cavity, while hatchlings of other species in the same area, including northern areas, emerge in the autumn and presumably hibernate underwater. All hatchlings are relatively anoxia-intolerant, and there are no studies to date of where hatchling turtles that do not overwinter in or below the nest cavity spend their first winter. Equally little is known of the ontogeny of anoxia tolerance, other than that adults of all species are more anoxia-tolerant than their hatchlings, probably because of their better ossified shells, which provide adults with more buffer reserves and a larger site in which to sequester lactate. The northern limits of turtles are most likely determined by reproductive limitations (time for egg-laying, incubation, and hatching) than by the rigors of hibernation. Mortality is typically lower in turtle populations during hibernation than it is during their active periods. However, episodic mortality events do occur during hibernation, due to freezing, prolonged anoxia, or predation.
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PMID:The ecology of overwintering among turtles: where turtles overwinter and its consequences. 1670 Sep 68

The Aeromonas species uncommonly cause disease in humans. We report portal pyaemia secondary to Aeromonas hydrophila bacteraemia occurring in a 71-year-old Chinese man with no history of hepatobiliary disease or malignancy. He presented with fever, rigors and abdominal bloating for four days and was subsequently found to have Aeromonas hydrophila bacteraemia, portal vein thrombosis and a psoas abscess. He was treated with ciprofloxacin and had a good recovery. Aeromonas hydrophila infection is an uncommon cause of intestinal and extraintestinal infection in man, but must be suspected in immunocompromised hosts and in those exposed to brackish or salt water.
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PMID:Aeromonas hydrophila bacteraemia and portal pyaemia. 1841 29

Orally disintegrating systems have carved a niche amongst the oral drug delivery systems due to the highest component of compliance they enjoy in patients especially the geriatrics and pediatrics. In addition, patients suffering from dysphagia, motion sickness, repeated emesis and mental disorders prefer these medications because they cannot swallow large quantity of water. Further, drugs exhibiting satisfactory absorption from the oral mucosa or intended for immediate pharmacological action can be advantageously formulated in these dosage forms. However, the requirements of formulating these dosage forms with mechanical strength sufficient to with stand the rigors of handling and capable of disintegrating within a few seconds on contact with saliva are inextricable. Therefore, research in developing orally disintegrating systems has been aimed at investigating different excipients as well as techniques to meet these challenges. A variety of dosage forms like tablets, films, wafers, chewing gums, microparticles, nanoparticles etc. have been developed for enhancing the performance attributes in the orally disintegrating systems. Advancements in the technology arena for manufacturing these systems include the use of freeze drying, cotton candy, melt extrusion, sublimation, direct compression besides the classical wet granulation processes. Taste masking of active ingredients becomes essential in these systems because the drug is entirely released in the mouth. Fluid bed coating, agglomeration, pelletization and infusion methods have proven useful for this purpose. It is important to note that although, freeze dried and effervescent disintegrating systems rapidly disintegrate in contact with fluids, they do not generally exhibit the required mechanical strength. Similarly, the candy process cannot be used for thermolabile drugs. In the light of the paradoxical nature of the attributes desired in orally disintegrating systems (high mechanical strength and rapid disintegration), it becomes essential to study the innovations in this field and understand the intricacies of the different processes used for manufacturing these systems. This article attempts at discussing the patents relating to orally disintegrating systems with respect to the use of different formulation ingredients and technologies.
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PMID:Orally disintegrating systems: innovations in formulation and technology. 1907 12

1. X-ray diffraction studies of sartorius muscles of Rana pipiens were made in a new x-ray diffraction camera which permits exposures of 3 to 6 minutes. The object-film distance can be varied from 20 to 80 mm; the muscle inside the camera can be electrically stimulated while contracting isotonically or isometrically, and can be observed by a special device. After exposures up to 30 minutes (approximately 40,830 r) muscles are still alive and responsive. 2. Contrary to the x-ray diffraction pattern of powdered dry muscle, which pattern consists of two rings corresponding to spacings of 4.46 A.u. and 9.66 A.u., both moist and dried whole sartorius muscle show signs of orientation in both rings, consisting of two equatorial streaks (wet) or points (dry) and meridional sickles. The moist muscle shows in addition a diffuse water ring. The spacings corresponding to the orientation points and elliptical structure show only slight differences in moist and dried samples. Through statistical computations based on two different series consisting of thirteen moist and twenty-eight dried samples, and nine muscles before and after drying, it was shown that only the divergence in the smaller spacing has some real significance, which indicates that most water of the moist muscle is bound intermolecularly. Upon resoaking of dried muscle the x-ray diffraction pattern of the moist muscle is restored. 3. Stretching of muscle by weights below the breaking point produces an additional well defined diffraction line, corresponding to a spacing of 4.32 A.u. A similar diffraction line can be produced in frog tendon upon stretching. 4. The influence of heat on the x-ray diffraction pattern of muscle depends upon the maximum temperature and the length of action; 5 minutes at 50 degrees C. markedly reduces the orientation of the sample; 5 minutes' immersion in boiling Ringer's solution destroys the orientation and produces a ring corresponding to a spacing of 5.3 to 5.5 A.u. in the moist and sharpening of the backbone reflection in the dried specimen. 5. Ultraviolet light brings forth changes in the x-ray diffraction pattern varying with the intensity of the irradiation. Ultimately a disappearance of the equatorial points and of the outside sickles is achieved while the elliptical shape of the outside ring and its diffuseness persist. In addition two salt rings characteristic of NaCl indicate that the irradiated muscles have become permeable to the surrounding medium (Ringer's solution). 6. Both faradic and single shock electrical stimulation were tried on muscles. If shortening of the muscle is prevented either by sufficient weight or by tying the muscle in a frame, no changes in the x-ray diffraction pattern occur; if the muscle is allowed to shorten without weights or by using insufficient weights, then the orientation either disappears completely or partially. When the muscle is stretched while contracted by electrical stimulation the orientation of the x-ray diffraction pattern reappears. 7. A number of salts with uni- and bivalent ions in concentrations corresponding osmotically to 0.73 per cent NaCl and 10 per cent NH(4)Cl were studied in their effects upon the x-ray diffraction of muscles. Of the salts with univalent ions in the lower concentration only KCl causes a marked decrease of orientation and an increase in the permeability of the fiber membranes. Similar effects on the orientation seem to be produced by CaCl(2) while MgCl(2) causes rather a more pronounced orientation. At hypertonic salt concentrations the orientation disappears completely and the corresponding salt rings become visible. Besides, NaCNS seems to have a specific effect on the outside ring and LiCl produces a ring at 21.3 A.u. and a splitting of the outside ring. 8. Strong mineral and lactic acids in concentrations up to 0.005 N have little if any influence upon the x-ray diffraction of muscles. A further increase in acidity to 0.01 N and above destroys the orientation completely, causes sharpening of the backbone reflection, and increased membrane permeability. These changes are irreversible upon neutralization. Also the effects of swelling upon the water ring of fresh muscle become manifest. Weak acids at higher concentrations show an effect similar to that of strong acids. 9. Rigor mortis produces a more or less complete loss of orientation. The muscles show signs of increased permeability. 10. Alkalies destroy the orientation of the x-ray diffraction pattern. The effective concentration is higher than the corresponding amount of acid. 11. Formaldehyde produces only minor changes in the x-ray diffraction patterns of muscles. 12. The effects of alcohol depend primarily upon the concentration applied. Low concentrations (5 per cent) seem to have a passing stimulating effect, at concentrations of 15 per cent, the anesthetizing effect becomes manifest in well defined orientation. The diameter of the water ring is reduced. If 95 per cent alcohol is allowed to act upon muscle for more than 12 minutes, then the orientation disappears completely and the backbone spacing becomes as sharp as in boiled muscle. 13. The effects of chloroform depend upon whether the muscle is allowed to contract or not. Only if the muscle is allowed to contract in chloroform-saturated Ringer's solution is the orientation lost and salt rings appear as well as a ring corresponding to a spacing of 22 A.u,, which has been observed in other changes in muscles. 14. In muscles allowed to shorten in a caffeine-Ringer's solution the orientation disappears, salt rings become visible as well as a decrease in size of the water ring; a new arc corresponding to a spacing of 4.18 A.u. was observed in one case.
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PMID:X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDIES ON FROG MUSCLES. 1987 11


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