Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0409974 (lupus)
 22,386 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sle1 is a major lupus susceptibility locus in NZM2410 lupus model that is associated with a loss of tolerance to nuclear Ags. At least three genes, Sle1a, Sle1b, and Sle1c contribute to Sle1, and their relative role in lupus pathogenesis is unknown. We show here that Sle1-expressing CD4(+) T cells present an activated phenotype associated with increased proliferation and cytokine production. In addition, Sle1 CD4(+) T cells provide help to anti-chromatin B cells to produce anti-nuclear antibodies, whether or not these B cells express Sle1. The Sle1a locus alone accounts for all these Sle1 phenotypes, implying that a specific genetic defect in Sle1a is necessary and sufficient to produce autoreactive T cells. However, Sle1c induces intermediate T cell activation and only provides help to Sle1-expressing anti-chromatin-producing B cells, demonstrating the synergic interactions between Sle1c T and Sle1 B cells. Moreover, Sle1a and Sle1c were associated with a significantly reduced level of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells that precedes autoantibody production, suggesting a causal relationship with the generation of autoreactive T cells. Our study identifies for the first time that a specific genetic defect is responsible for lupus pathogenesis by inducing autoreactive T cells to break self-tolerance and that this genetic defect is also associated with a decreased number of regulatory T cells.
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PMID:Genetic determination of T cell help in loss of tolerance to nuclear antigens. 1594 70

The development of organ-specific autoimmune diseases in mice thymectomized on day 3 of life (d3tx mice) can be prevented by transferring CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells from syngeneic, normal adult mice. Using a d3tx model, we asked whether CD4(+)CD25(+) T cell deficiency contributes to glomerulonephritis (GN) in lupus-prone mice. New Zealand Mixed 2328 (NZM2328) mice spontaneously develop autoantibodies to dsDNA and female-dominant, fatal GN. After d3tx, both male and female NZM2328 mice developed 1) accelerated dsDNA autoantibody response, 2) early onset and severe proliferative GN with massive mesangial immune complexes, and 3) autoimmune disease of the thyroid, lacrimal gland, and salivary gland. The d3tx male mice also developed autoimmune prostatitis. The transfer of CD25(+) cells from 6-wk-old asymptomatic NZM2328 donors effectively suppressed dsDNA autoantibody and the development of autoimmune diseases, with the exception of proliferative lupus GN and sialoadenitis. This finding indicates that NZM2328 lupus mice have a selective deficiency in T cells that regulates the development of lupus GN and sialoadenitis. After d3tx, the proliferative GN of female mice progressed to fatal GN, but largely regressed in the male, thereby revealing a checkpoint in lupus GN progression that depends on gender.
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PMID:Failure of CD25+ T cells from lupus-prone mice to suppress lupus glomerulonephritis and sialoadenitis. 1600 93

The systemic lupus erythematosus 1 (Sle1) locus mediates the loss of tolerance to nuclear Ags in the NZM2410 mouse model of lupus through intrinsic defects in both B and T cells. Congenic analysis has shown that Sle1 corresponds to at least three genetic loci, Sle1a, Sle1b, and Sle1c. Telomeric Sle1c is associated with abnormal B cell responses to subthreshold stimulation with anti-IgM and C3d and with decreased T-dependent humoral immune responses. We have proposed that these phenotypes resulted from polymorphisms in the C3 complement receptor Cr2 gene. We have also found that Sle1c was associated with the production of histone-specific autoreactive CD4(+) T cells, which correlated with higher activation and proliferative responses, and a reduction in the CD4(+)CD25(+)CD62L(+)forkhead/winged helix transcription factor gene (Foxp3(+)) compartment. In this study we showed, using congenic recombinants, that the decreased humoral immune response and impaired GC formation map to the NZM2410 Cr2 allele. A chronic graft-vs-host disease model also showed that Sle1c produces significantly more autoreactive B cells than B6 controls, and that this phenotype maps to two regions excluding the Cr2 gene. Mixed bone marrow chimera demonstrated that the increased activation, proliferative response, and reduced regulatory T cell compartment were intrinsic to Sle1c-expressing CD4(+) T cells. These phenotypes mapped to the same two loci identified with the chronic graft-vs-host disease model, excluding the Cr2 region. Overall, these results show that Sle1c results in the production of autoreactive B and T cells through the expression of three different genes, one of which is consistent with Cr2, based on the phenotypes of the Cr2-deficient mice, and the other two corresponding to as yet unidentified genes.
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PMID:Several genes contribute to the production of autoreactive B and T cells in the murine lupus susceptibility locus Sle1c. 1600 9

Production of autoantibodies by B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can be interrupted via induction of regulatory and suppressor T cells. We have used the strategy of tolerizing lupus-prone (NZBxNZW)F(1) mice with an artificial peptide based on sequences common to several anti-double stranded (ds)DNA antibodies to induce regulatory and suppressor T cells that block production of anti-DNA antibodies and prolong their survival. At least one type of suppressor T cells (CD8+) and one type of regulatory T cell (CD4+ expressing the IL-2 receptor alpha chain CD25) are raised under this condition. While CD8+ suppressors (TS) require soluble factors to block help of T cells to B cells, regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells (TR) curb the production of anti-DNA antibodies from B cells via cell contact through molecules that include membrane-bound TGFbeta and GITR. Moreover, CD8+ suppressors seem to act independently on antigen specificity, while TR act in an antigen-specific fashion. We hypothesize that the differences between these two lymphocyte subsets that share the common ability to dampen production of autoantibodies might underlie significant temporal and teleological advantages for optimal control of autoimmune reactivity.
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PMID:Manipulation of immune regulation in systemic lupus erythematosus. 1621 88

During the past 10 years, CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) have been extensively studied for their function in autoimmune disease. This review summarizes the evidence for a role of Treg in suppression of innate and adaptive immune responses in experimental models of autoimmunity including arthritis, colitis, diabetes, autoimmune encephalomyelitis, lupus, gastritis, oophoritis, prostatitis, and thyroiditis. Antigen-specific activation of Treg, but antigen-independent suppressive function, emerges as a common paradigm derived from several disease models. Treg suppress conventional T cells (Tcon) by direct cell contact in vitro. However, downmodulation of dendritic cell function and secretion of inhibitory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-beta might underlie Treg function in vivo. The final outcome of autoimmunity vs tolerance depends on the balance between stimulatory signals (Toll-like receptor engagement, costimulation, and antigen dose) and inhibitory signals from Treg. Whereas most experimental settings analyze the capacity of Treg to prevent onset of autoimmune disease, more recent efforts indicate successful treatment of ongoing disease. Thus, Treg are on the verge of moving from experimental animal models into clinical applications in humans.
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PMID:Regulatory T cells in experimental autoimmune disease. 1683 80

An increasing number of studies indicate that a subset of CD4(+) T cells with regulatory capacity (regulatory T cells; T(regs)) can function to control organ-specific autoimmune disease. To determine whether abnormalities of thymic-derived T(regs) play a role in systemic lupus erythematosus, we evaluated T(reg) prevalence and function in (New Zealand Black x New Zealand White)F(1) (B/W) lupus-prone mice. To explore the potential of T(regs) to suppress disease, we evaluated the effect of adoptive transfer of purified, ex vivo expanded thymic-derived T(regs) on the progression of renal disease. We found that although the prevalence of T(regs) is reduced in regional lymph nodes and spleen of prediseased B/W mice compared with age-matched non-autoimmune mice, these cells increase in number in older diseased mice. In addition, the ability of these cells to proliferate in vitro was comparable to those purified from non-autoimmune control animals. Purified CD4(+)CD25(+)CD62L(high) B/W T(regs) were expanded ex vivo 80-fold, resulting in cells with a stable suppressor phenotype. Adoptive transfer of these exogenously expanded cells reduced the rate at which mice developed renal disease; a second transfer after treated animals had developed proteinuria further slowed the progression of renal disease and significantly improved survival. These studies indicate that thymic-derived T(regs) may have a significant role in the control of autoimmunity in lupus-prone B/W mice, and augmentation of these cells may constitute a novel therapeutic approach for systemic lupus erythematosus.
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PMID:Suppression of disease in New Zealand Black/New Zealand White lupus-prone mice by adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded regulatory T cells. 1684 51

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease characterized by the loss of tolerance to self-antigen. Because it is currently not known if regulatory T (T(reg)) cells are involved in the pathogenesis, we determined the frequency of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells and assayed the related gene expression levels in CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells isolated from both lupus mice (NZB/NZW F(1)) and normal control mice (DBA2/NZW F(1)). The results showed that the frequency of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in lupus mice was lower than that of normal mice. Except for the high expression level of interleukin (IL)-10 mRNA, CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells from lupus mice expressed normal forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta mRNA, and exerted suppressive functions. Furthermore, we depleted CD25(+) T(reg) cells of non-autoimmune mice with anti-CD25 antibody and broke their tolerance with apoptotic cell-pulsed dendritic cells for the follow-up of autoantibody levels. The mice in the CD25(+) cell-depleted group had higher titres of anti-double-strand/single-strand DNA antibodies than those of the isotype control antibody-treated group. These findings indicated that CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells might be involved in the regulatory mechanism of autoantibody production.
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PMID:The role of CD4CD25 T cells in autoantibody production in murine lupus. 1690 21

The pathophysiology of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) has been investigated in numerous studies demonstrating that the combination of specific cellular and molecular events is leading to inflammation and tissue damage in this disease. However, a complete understanding of the diverse pathophysiological mechanisms and interactions does not exist. Various environmental factors influence the clinical expression of CLE and a striking relationship has emerged between sunlight exposure and the various subtypes of this disease. In the past years, photoprovocation tests with different ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths have been approved to be an optimal way to evaluate photosensitivity in patients with CLE. Furthermore, research on the pathogenetic mechanisms of UV-induced skin lesions has become an increasingly dynamic field and several new aspects of this disease could be identified. In this review, the impact of UV exposure that contributes to the manifestations of CLE is discussed and recently reported mechanisms in the pathophysiology of this disease are considered including the clearance of apoptotic cells, expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, function of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells, and the role of chemokines for lymphocyte recruitment. Elucidation of the relevant factors might lead to future development of effective strategies to prevent abnormal reactivity in patients with CLE.
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PMID:Pathophysiology of cutaneous lupus erythematosus--novel aspects. 1698 23

B cell depletion may affect T cell activation and costimulation status in rituximab-treated patients with SLE. We examined whether rituximab administration in patients with active lupus nephritis is related to changes in mRNA expression of genes that define regulatory T cells (Tregs) in peripheral blood lymphocytes, measured by real-time PCR. At the early phase of B cell depletion mRNA levels of CD25, CTLA-4, GITR and the bona fide Treg functional marker FOXP3 increased significantly in all 7 patients examined. In contrast, mRNA levels of the costimulatory/activation T cell molecule CD40L were profoundly reduced, while mRNA levels of TGF-beta, a cytokine contributing to Treg induction, increased significantly in all. During follow-up, increased FOXP3 mRNA persisted in those patients in clinical remission, while in those patients with active disease subsequent decreases were noted. Further studies should examine whether modulation of Tregs by therapeutic B cell depletion contributes and/or predicts lupus disease remission.
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PMID:Increased expression of the FoxP3 functional marker of regulatory T cells following B cell depletion with rituximab in patients with lupus nephritis. 1727 13

Regulation of lymphocyte survival is essential for the maintenance of lymphoid homeostasis preventing the development of autoimmune diseases. Recently, we described a systemic lupus erythematosus associated with an IgA nephropathy in autoimmune-prone (NZW x C57BL/6)F(1) overexpressing human Bcl-2 (hBcl-2) in B cells (transgenic (Tg) 1). In the present study, we analyze in detail a second line of hBcl-2 Tg mice overexpressing the transgene in all B cells and in a fraction of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells (Tg2). We demonstrate here that the overexpression of hBcl-2 in T cells observed in Tg2 mice is associated with a resistance to the development of lupus disease and collagen type II-induced arthritis in both (NZW x C57BL/6)F(1) and (DBA/1 x C57BL/6)F(1) Tg2 mice, respectively. The disease-protective effect observed in autoimmune-prone Tg2 mice is accompanied by an increase of peripheral CD4(+)CD25(+) hBcl-2(+) regulatory T cells (T(regs)), expressing glucocorticoid-induced TNFR, CTLA-4, and FoxP3. Furthermore, the in vivo depletion of CD4(+)CD25(+) T(regs) in (DBA/1 x C57BL/6)F(1) Tg2 mice promotes the development of a severe collagen type II-induced arthritis. Taken together, our results indicate that the overexpression of hBcl-2 in CD4(+) T cells alters the homeostatic mechanisms controlling the number of CD4(+)CD25(+) T(regs) resulting in the inhibition of autoimmune diseases.
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PMID:CD4+CD25+ T cell-dependent inhibition of autoimmunity in transgenic mice overexpressing human Bcl-2 in T lymphocytes. 1731 21


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