Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0403608 (ureter)
 9,655 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The sensory innervations of the ureter in the dog were studied using the anterograde and retrograde axonal transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugates (WGA-HRP). Following upper ureteral injections, labeled cells were observed in the ipsilateral T7-L3 spinal ganglia to the injection site, with the greatest concentration at the T12-L2 levels. And labeled cells were seen in the contralateral T7--L3 spinal ganglia to the injection site with the greatest concentration at the T10 and L3 ganglia. Lower ureter injections resulted in the labeling of ipsilateral T11-Co1 and contralateral T9-Co1 spinal ganglia, with highest concentration at the ipsilateral L3 and S2 levels. Following thoracic and lumbar spinal ganglia T12, L1-L3 injections labeled fibers bundles were observed in the adventitia of the upper and lower ureter. Some labeled fibers were bifurcated from these bundles and passed through the two layers of the smooth muscles. In tunica submucosa and tunica propria mucosae, many labeled fibers were observed. A few labeled fibers were seen in the epithelium. After injections into the sacral and coccygeal spinal ganglia S1-Co1, labeled fibers were not observed in the upper ureter. Course and distribution of labeled fibers in the lower ureter were similar to those of the case in which injection was done into the thoracic and lumbar spinal ganglia.
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PMID:[An experimental study of sensory innervation of the ureter in the dog using wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugates]. 168

The innervation of rat and guinea pig urinary tract was examined using immunohistochemistry, radioimmunoassay and True Blue retrograde tracing techniques and was further assessed following both surgical and chemical denervation experiments. Substantial amounts of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity (range 20-150 pmol/g) were detected in tissue extracts and localised to nerve fibres distributed throughout the urinary tract of both species, these being concentrated in the ureter and base of the bladder. In the guinea pig, the number and distribution pattern of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive nerves appeared to be identical to that of substance P-containing nerves, whereas in the rat the former predominated. Seven days after injection of the fluorescent dye True Blue into tissues of the urinary tract, retrogradely labelled cells were found in the dorsal root ganglia. These cells had a segmental distribution pattern which was specific for each of the injection sites. Thus, after injection of True Blue into the left kidney hilum a single group of labelled cells were found in the ipsilateral T10-L2 dorsal root ganglia. In contrast, injection into the left ureter produced labelled cells in two separate groups of ipsilateral ganglia (T11-L3 and L6-S1). Injection into the wall of the bladder and upper urethra resulted in bilateral labelling, with most labelled cells occurring in L6 and S1 ganglia. Approximately 90% of labelled cells in T10-L3 dorsal root ganglia displayed calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity, but only 60% of retrogradely labelled bladder neurons in L6-S1 ganglia were immunoreactive for this peptide. Adult guinea pigs and neonatal rats injected systemically with capsaicin subsequently exhibited a marked reduction both in the amount of calcitonin gene-related peptide immunostaining and the concentration of immunoreactive material in the urinary tract, dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord. In rats treated neonatally with capsaicin, there was a significant reduction in the number of retrogradely labelled cells and a hypertrophy of the bladder. Sectioning of the pelvic and hypogastric nerves in the rat also resulted in a depletion of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive nerves in the bladder, whereas chemical sympathectomy appeared to have no effect. The results indicate that calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity occurs in a major proportion of afferent neurons supplying the urinary tract of the rat and guinea pig.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in afferent neurons supplying the urinary tract: combined retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry. 242 72

To describe a sympathetic afferent circuit, the left ureter was ligated in anesthetized rats for 1.5-2 h followed by immunocytochemical processing to localize expression of either the immediate early gene (IEG) c-fos or Krox-24 in the spinal cord or dorsal root ganglia (DRG). No IEG expression was detected in DRG. Both Fos and Krox-24 expression was found in the dorsal horn. More Fos immunocytochemically stained cells were found in the dorsal horn both ipsi- and and contralateral to the ligated ureter at spinal segments T10-T13 after ureteral than after either sham ligation or anesthesia control procedures. More Fos stained cells were in the dorsal horn ipsilateral to the ligated ureter than on the contralateral side. The Fos staining patterns in the dorsal horn of ligated and sham-ligated animals were similar with most labeled cells in dorsomedial portions of laminae I and II. In contrast, the Fos staining pattern in the dorsal horn in anesthetized animals (unoperated controls) was noticeably different from operated animals with the most Fos cells in the ventrolateral part of laminae I-II. These results indicate that (1) Fos Immunocytochemistry may be useful for tracing sympathetic afferent pathways, (2) the sensory pathway activated by ureteral ligation enters the spinal cord at lower thoracic levels, where renal and upper ureteral afferents are terminating, and (3) some of this sympathetic afferent pathway is located contralateral to the stimulated kidney. Neurons activated by ureteral ligation in the contralateral dorsal horn may mediate reno-renal reflexes.
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PMID:Ureteral ligation induces Fos expression in the dorsal horn. 881 99

The sites of renal pain processing in the rat spinal cord were studied by mapping the spinal cord neurons expressing c-fos after acute ureteral distension due to obstruction. A new experimental model is presented. A nylon knot was loosely placed around the ureter and the ends of the thread exteriorized through the retroperitoneal wall. Eight days later, when all c-fos expression due to nociceptive input from the abdominal wound and the manipulation of the intestines had disappeared, the nylon ends were pulled to produce ureteral occlusion. C-fos activation occurred at spinal segments T10-L4 with a peak at L1-L2. The activated neurons were concentrated in laminae I, lateral IV-V, medial VII and X. While in lamina I nearly all Fos-immunoreactive cells were ipsilateral, in the deeper laminae taken together 60% cells were ipsilateral and 40% contralateral to the distended ureter. It is suggested that renal nociceptive input giving rise to conscious pain perception is transmitted through ipsilateral lamina I, whereas input triggering autonomic reflexes may be mainly processed, ipsi- and contralaterally, in the deep laminae.
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PMID:Sites of renal pain processing in the rat spinal cord. A c-fos study using a percutaneous method to perform ureteral obstruction. 947 Jan 45

Endometriosis and urinary calculosis can co-occur. Clinical studies have shown that both painful and non-painful endometriosis in women are associated with enhanced pain and referred muscle hyperalgesia from urinary calculosis, but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to develop an animal model adequate to explore this viscero-visceral interaction in standardized conditions. Using a model of endometriosis previously developed to study reduced fertility and vaginal hyperalgesia, endometriosis (endo) or sham-endometriosis (sham-endo) was induced in rats by autotransplantation of small pieces of uterus (or, for sham-endo, fat) on cascade mesenteric arteries, ovary, and abdominal wall. After the endometrial, but not the fat autografts had produced fluid-filled cysts (3 weeks), urinary calculosis was induced by implanting an artificial stone into one ureter. Pain behaviors were monitored by continuous 24-h videotape recordings before and after stone implantation. Referred muscle hyperalgesia was assessed by measuring vocalization thresholds to electrical stimulation of the oblique musculature (L1 dermatome). The data were compared with previously reported data from rats that had received only the stone. Neither endo nor sham-endo alone induced pain behaviors. Following stone implantation, in endo rats compared to sham-endo and stone-only rats, pain behaviors specifically associated with urinary calculosis were significantly increased and new pain behaviors specifically associated with uterine pathology became evident. Muscle hyperalgesia was also significantly increased. To explore the relationship between the amount of endometriosis and that of ureteral pain behavior, two separate groups of endo rats were treated with either a standard non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ketoprofen) or placebo from the 12th to the 18th day after endometriosis induction. The stone was implanted on the 21st day. Ketoprofen treatment compared to placebo significantly reduced the size of the cysts and both ureteral and uterine pain behaviors post-stone implantation. The size of the cysts showed a significant linear correlation with the post-stone ureteral pain behaviors. In conclusion, endo increased pain crises and muscle hyperalgesia typically induced by a ureteral calculosis, and the ureteral calculosis revealed additional pain behaviors typically induced by uterine pathophysiology; and this enhancement was a function of the degree of endometriosis. This result closely reproduces the condition observed in humans and could be due to a phenomenon of 'viscero-visceral' hyperalgesia, in which increased input from the cyst implantation sites to common spinal cord segments (T10-L1) facilitates the central effect of input from the urinary tract.
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PMID:Influence of endometriosis on pain behaviors and muscle hyperalgesia induced by a ureteral calculosis in female rats. 1183 24

Rats with an artificial stone in the left ureter display spontaneous pain behavior (ureteral 'crises') and referred hyperalgesia/contraction in the ipsilateral oblique musculature. To evaluate neuronal activation in both sensitive and motor pathways in this model, c-Fos expression was studied in the spinal cord of calculosis rats vs. sham controls. Fos-labeled cells were never observed in sham controls. In stone rats, they were found in the T10-L2 segments, throughout the dorsal horn, significantly more on the left than the right side (P < 0.002). Fos-labeled cells were also found in lamina IX, containing motoneurons; at the T11-T12 level, these were significantly more on the left than the right side (P < 0.03). Nociceptive input from the ureter thus activates not only sensory but also efferent neurons in the spinal cord, suggesting the triggering of reflex arcs by the visceral focus.
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PMID:c-Fos expression in the spinal cord of female rats with artificial ureteric calculosis. 1513 31

Deficits in bladder function are complications following spinal cord injury (SCI), severely affecting quality of life. Normal voiding function requires coordinated contraction of bladder and urethral sphincter muscles dependent upon intact lumbosacral reflex arcs and integration of descending and ascending spinal pathways. We previously reported, in electrophysiological recordings, that segmental reflex circuit neurons in anesthetized male rats were modulated by a bilateral spino-bulbo-spinal pathway in the mid-thoracic lateral funiculus. In the present study, behavioral measures of bladder voiding reflexes and hematuria (hemorrhagic cystitis) were obtained to assess the correlation of plasticity-dependent recovery to the degree of lateral funiculus sparing and mid-thoracic lesion level. Adult rats received mid-thoracic-level lesions at one of the following severities: complete spinal transection; bilateral dorsal column lesion; unilateral hemisection; bilateral dorsal hemisection; a bilateral lesion of the lateral funiculi and dorsal columns; or a severe contusion. Voiding function and hematuria were evaluated by determining whether the bladder was areflexic (requiring manual expression, i.e., "crede maneuver"), reflexive (voiding initiated by perineal stroking), or "automatic" (spontaneous voiding without caretaker assistance). Rats with one or both lateral funiculi spared (i.e., bilateral dorsal column lesion or unilateral hemisection) recovered significantly faster than animals with bilateral lateral funiculus lesions, severe contusion, or complete transection. Bladder reflex recovery time was significantly slower the closer a transection lesion was to T10, suggesting that proximity to the segmental sensory and sympathetic innervation of the upper urinary tract (kidney, ureter) should be avoided in the choice of lesion level for SCI studies of micturition pathways. In addition, hematuria duration was significantly longer in males, compared to females, despite similar bladder reflex onset times. We conclude that the sparing of the mid-thoracic lateral funiculus on one side is required for early recovery of bladder reflex voiding function and resolution of hematuria.
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PMID:Effects of lateral funiculus sparing, spinal lesion level, and gender on recovery of bladder voiding reflexes and hematuria in rats. 2513 71