Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0403608 (ureter)
 9,655 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Muscle strips from the fundus, trigone, and distal ureter obtained from children at operation for vesicoureteric reflux were studied using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods, and electrical nerve stimulation in an organ bath. A rich supply of cholinergic nerves was found and the transmitter causing contraction of the detrusor muscle was regarded as being acetylcholine. The adrenergic innervation was very sparse except around the ureteric orifices. No contractile alpha-adrenoceptors could be detected but beta-receptor-mediated relaxation was found. The type was not beta 1 or beta 2, suggesting a third type of beta-receptor. Peptidergic nerves containing vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were demonstrated in a few nerve terminals. No nerves containing enkephalin, somatostatin, or substance P were found. VIP affected the detrusor muscle, indicating a possible role as a modulator of transmitter action. Imipramine, used for enuresis, had no anticholinergic effect on the bladder in the doses used clinically. The anticholinergic and calcium antagonistic drug terodiline inhibited all muscle activity, making it suitable for treatment of diurnal enuresis.
 ...
PMID:Urinary bladder innervation in children. 355 68

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) has previously been shown in nerves of the male and female genitourinary tract, appearing to innervate vascular and nonvascular smooth and epithelial cells. In the present study the concentration of VIP in tissue extracts of different parts of the male genitourinary tract from cat and man was determined by radioimmunoassay. In addition, the effect of VIP on the contractility of the smooth muscle from the cat genitourinary tract was investigated in vitro. The tissue concentrations of VIP were generally higher in cat than in man. In both species high concentrations were found in the vas deferens, bladder, urethra and prostate, In concentration from 3 x 10(-8) to 6 x 10(-7) mol x 1-1, VIP inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner the muscle contractions in specimens from all regions examined, i.e., the vas deferens, ureter, corpus of the bladder, and urethra. The data indicate that VIP might play a physiologic role in the local nervous control of the smooth muscle activity in the male genitourinary tract.
 ...
PMID:Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the male genitourinary tract: concentration and motor effect. 729 95

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and substance P were demonstrated in the pig ureter by immunohistochemical techniques. Nerves containing these materials were related mainly to the smooth muscle layer in the normal and obstructed ureter. In isolated ureteral segments, VIP caused relaxation at doses exceeding 0.18 micrograms/ml, with no significant difference seen in the effect on normal and obstructed ureter. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide may play a role in the regulation of ureteral smooth muscle tone.
 ...
PMID:Peptidergic nerves in the ureter. 750 68

The distribution and patterns of colocalization of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were examined in nerve fibers supplying the human lower ureter using double label immunofluorescence. Many nerve fibers immunoreactive for NOS were observed within the ureter. Positive varicose fibers were seen running longitudinally within the smooth muscle bundles, particularly those of the inner layers of the ureter. Immunoreactive axons were also prominent within the subepithelium, and as plexi surrounding many blood vessels. The colocalization studies indicated that NOS was never present in presumptive sympathetic nerve fibers expressing TH. All fibers containing VIP, however, were also immunoreactive for NOS. In addition, a minor population of NOS fibers did not contain VIP. Neuropeptide Y coexisted with NOS in a significant number of nerve terminals, although fibers expressing only NPY were equally common. Several immunochemically distinct nerve populations can therefore be distinguished in the human ureter: (1) nerves containing NOS either with or without VIP; (2) NOS-immunoreactive fibers with NPY; and (3) those fibers expressing TH or NPY which do not contain NOS. The results indicate that some non-noradrenergic peptide-containing nerves in the human ureter have the capacity to synthesize nitric oxide (NO), and that NO may be involved in the regulation of ureteric motility.
 ...
PMID:Colocalization of nitric oxide synthase with vasoactive intestinal peptide, neuropeptide Y, and tyrosine hydroxylase in nerves supplying the human ureter. 752 Sep 52

We have used double-label immunohistochemistry to examine the presence and pattern of colocalization of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and protein gene product (PGP) in nerve fibers supplying the human ureterovesical junction (UVJ). Several populations of nerve fibers within the UVJ region were identified according to their expression of potential transmitter substances. Presumptive noradrenergic axons containing TH- and NPY-like immunoreactivity (LIR) and non-noradrenergic fibers containing VIP- and NPY-LIR accounted for most of the total (PGP-LIR) innervation and supplied all regions of the UVJ. The distal ureter, Waldeyer's sheath and the trigone were supplied by predominantly noradrenergic TH/NPY-LIR nerve fibers, whereas the majority of fibers supplying the detrusor muscle were non-noradrenergic VIP/NPY-LIR axons. The similarity in innervation of Waldeyer's sheath, ureter and trigone is consistent with the notion that these structures are all derived from a common mesodermal origin. Regional differences in innervation were also noted within the musculature of the distal ureter: TH/NPY-LIR fibers were localized to the outer part of the ureter, while VIP/NPY-LIR fibers supplied the inner part. This finding suggests that the different layers of the ureter may be independently controlled by different populations of nerves. The findings of this study support the view that noradrenergic nerves are important in maintaining the tone of the UVJ, but indicate that other neurotransmitters or neuromodulators may also be involved in the control of this region.
 ...
PMID:Regional differences in the innervation of the human ureterovesical junction by tyrosine hydroxylase-, vasoactive intestinal peptide- and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive nerves. 777 42

Neurones in the ureterovesical ganglion complex provide autonomic innervation to the pelvic ureter, the ureterovesical junction and the bladder trigone. We examined the distribution and peptide co-expression pattern of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the human ureterovesical ganglia by combining NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry with immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Less than 20% of nerve cells in the large ganglia of the ureterovesical complex were stained for NOS activity. In elderly individuals, ganglion cells regularly exhibited conspicuous morphological alterations suggestive of degenerative changes. Most of the NOS-positive cell bodies costained for VIP-immunoreactivity. A minority of NOS-expressing cells also reacted for NPY-immunoreactivity. CGRP-immunoreactivity was present in varicose terminal-like nerve fibres which were found to encircle NOS-containing perikarya. Occasionally, NOS-positive somata were surrounded by plexiform axon terminals which immunostained for VIP or NPY. We conclude that the passage of urine across the ureterovesical junction is under relaxatory control of a local nitric oxide/VIP(NPY) pathway which may be modulated by preganglionic efferent and/or primary afferent input.
 ...
PMID:Colocalisation of NADPH-diaphorase with neuropeptides in the ureterovesical ganglia of humans. 886 54

The distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-immunoreactive (IR) and haemoxygenase (HO)-IR nerves was investigated in the pig and human intravesical ureter (IVU). NOS activity was measured by monitoring the conversion of [3H]-arginine to [3H]-citrulline. Effects of NO and resulting changes in cyclic nucleotide concentrations were assessed in vitro. The effects of carbon monoxide (CO) on IVU motility was also tested. Immunohistochemistry revealed an abundant overall innervation of the IVU and numerous NOS-IR nerves. Nerve trunks were also found expressing immunoreactivity for HO-1, one of the enzymes synthetising CO. Similar profiles of nerve structures expressing immunoreactivities for NOS and tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH), as well as NOS and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were demonstrated. In the pig IVU, measurement of NOS activity revealed a moderate calcium-dependent catalytic activity, NO and the NO-donor SIN-1 reduced in a concentration-dependent manner serotonin-induced contractions of pig and human IVU, and the spontaneous contractions of pig IVU. In pig IVU strips precontracted with the thromboxane analogue U-46619, tetrodotoxin-sensitive relaxations were abolished by the NOS inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine. CO exerted no significant effect on spontaneous or induced contractions in the pig and human IVU. In precontracted strips of the pig and human IVU exposed to SIN-1 or NO, significant increases of cyclic GMP levels were measured in comparison to control preparations. The results suggest that the L-arginine/NO/cyclic GMP pathway may play a role in the regulation of the valve function in the uretero-vesical junction (UVJ). A role for CO in the UVJ has yet to be established.
 ...
PMID:Localization of nitric oxide synthase and haemoxygenase, and functional effects of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide in the pig and human intravesical ureter. 913 43

The presence, distribution and colocalisation of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) immunoreactivity have been studied in the duck ureter by using Western blot analysis, radioimmunoassays (RIA) and immunohistochemistry. The presence of both PACAP-38 and PACAP-27 was demonstrated, PACAP-38 being the predominant form. PACAP-immunoreactive fibres and neurons were found in all the ureteral layers. Double immunostaining showed that PACAP was almost completely colocalised with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Moreover, PACAP was found in substance P (SP)-containing ureteral nerve fibres and in SP-containing dorsal root ganglion neurons. RIA performed on denervated ureters demonstrated that almost half of the ureteral PACAP was extrinsic in origin. These findings suggest that, in birds, PACAP has a role in diverse nerve-mediated ureteral functions.
 ...
PMID:Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) immunoreactivity in the ureter of the duck. 1157 87

The major pelvic ganglion in both the rat and guinea pig has been extensively studied because of its anatomical simplicity. To clarify the target specific neural pathway in the diffusely distributed pelvic ganglia of larger animals, the pelvic plexus of the female dog was investigated by retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry. The whole mount staining of the pelvic plexus with acetylcholinesterase histochemistry revealed 70-100 ganglia of varying sizes. Neurons retrogradely labeled from the rectum were mainly found in ganglia located in the dorso-caudal part of the plexus. The majority of these were non-catecholaminergic, immunoreactive for either calbindin (Calb) or neuropeptide Y (NPY), and characteristically associated with baskets of enkephalin (ENK)-immunoreactive varicose fibers. Neurons projecting to the utero-vaginal walls were distributed in ganglia located in the ventro-caudal part of the plexus. These mainly consisted of two major neuron groups: catecholaminergic Calb-immunoreactive neurons, and non-catecholaminergic neurons containing nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and/or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), which were preferentially associated with a network of ENK-immunoreactive varicose fibers. Neurons retrogradely labeled from the urinary bladder mainly occurred in ganglia located around the junction between the ureter and the bladder. These consisted of catecholaminergic Calb neurons and noncatecholaminergic neurons containing Calb or NOS. Only a few ENK-immunoreactive fibers were found within the clusters of catecholaminergic neurons. These results indicate that organ specific neurons are located in separate ganglia and have both a distinctive composition of neuron types as well as different innervation by preganglionic fibers.
 ...
PMID:Target specific organization and neuron types of the dog pelvic ganglia: a retrograde-tracing and immunohistochemical study. 1157 23

1. The mechanisms and receptors involved in the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)- and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)-induced relaxations of the pig intravesical ureter were investigated. 2. VIP, PACAP 38 and PACAP 27 concentration-dependently relaxed U46619-contracted ureteral strips with a similar potency. [Ala(11,22,28)]-VIP, a VPAC(1) agonist, showed inconsistent relaxations. 3. The neuronal voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel inhibitor, omega-conotoxin GVIA (omega-CgTX, 1 microm), reduced the VIP relaxations. Urothelium removal or blockade of capsaicin-sensitive primary afferents, nitric oxide (NO) synthase and guanylate cyclase with capsaicin (10 microm), N(G)-nitro-l-arginine (l-NOARG, 100 microm) and 1H-[1,2,4]-oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 5 microm), respectively, did not change the VIP relaxations. However, the PACAP 38 relaxations were reduced by omega-CgTX, capsaicin, l-NOARG and ODQ. 4. The VIP and VIP/PACAP receptor antagonists, [Lys(1), Pro(2,5), Arg(3,4), Tyr(6)]-VIP (1 microm) and PACAP (6-38) (0.4 microm), inhibited VIP and VIP and PACAP 38, respectively, relaxations. 5. The nonselective and large-conductance Ca(2)-activated K(+) channel blockers, tetraethylammonium (3 mm) and charybdotoxin (0.1 microm), respectively, and neuropeptide Y (0.1 microm) did not modify the VIP relaxations. The small-conductance Ca(2)-activated K(+) channel blocker apamin (1 microm) did not change the PACAP 27 relaxations. 6. The cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) blocker, 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate (Rp-8-CPT-cAMPS, 100 microm), reduced VIP relaxations. The phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor rolipram and the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin relaxed ureteral preparations. The rolipram relaxations were reduced by Rp-8-CPT-cAMPS. Forskolin (30 nm) evoked a potentiation of VIP relaxations. 7. These results suggest that VIP and PACAP relax the pig ureter through smooth muscle receptors, probably of the VPAC(2) subtype, linked to a cAMP-PKA pathway. Neuronal VPAC receptors localized at motor nerves and PAC(1) receptors placed at sensory nerves and coupled to NO release, seem also to be involved in the VIP and PACAP 38 relaxations.
 ...
PMID:Heterogeneity of neuronal and smooth muscle receptors involved in the VIP- and PACAP-induced relaxations of the pig intravesical ureter. 1466 37


1 2 Next >>