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Query: UMLS:C0403608 (ureter)
 9,655 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The jet phenomenon seen during entry of urine into the bladder is illustrated by the urograms of a number of patients. Its diagnostic significance is discussed. Experimental models and theoretical considerations have shown that the jet is determined by the kinetic impulse; for a 1:10 mixture of contrastmedium and water, the jet is visible at all jet diameters and jet speeds at the orifice provided flow at the centre of the jet has fallen to about 0.073 m/s. Transferring these findings to man, and bearing in mind the functional and anatomical peculiarities and pressure differences between the lower ureter and the bladder, it becomes apparent that this phenomen can be produced under physiological conditions.
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PMID:[The jet phenomenon in the bladder (author's transl)]. 14 22

Two cases of papillary carcinoma of the bladder are presented in which the ureter could not be demonstrated by standard radiographic techniques. Computed tomography (CT) allowed identification of the tumor filled ureter. Intraureteral papillary tumor has a radiographic density (CT number) above that of water but less than that of the enveloping ureter.
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PMID:Intraureteral tumor demonstrated by computed tomography. 45 60

The renal pelvis of the hamster has been studied by light microscopy (epoxy resin sections), transmission electron microscopy, and morphometric analysis of electron micrographs. Three morphologically distinct epithelia line the pelvis, and each covers a different zone of the kidney. A thin epithelium covering the outer medulla (OM) consists of two cell types: (1) granular cells are most numerous and have apically positioned granules which stain intensely with toluidine blue, are membrane-bound, and contain a fine particulate matter that stains light grey to black in electron micrographs. (2) Basal cells do not have granules, are confined to the basal lamina region, and do not reach the mucosal epithelial surface. The inner medulla (IM) is covered by a pelvic epithelium morphologically similar to collecting duct epithelium of IM. Some cells in this portion of the pelvic epithelium (IM) stain intensely dark with toluidine blue, osmium tetroxide, lead, and uranyl acetate. Transitional epithelium, which separates cortex (C) from pelvic urine, has an asymmetric luminal plasma membrane and discoid vesicles, each of which is similar to those previously observed in mammalian ureter and urinary bladder epithelia. Based on morphological comparisons with other epithelia, the IM and OM pelvic epithelia would appear permeable to solutes and/or water, while the transitional epithelium covering the C appears relatively impermeable. It would also appear that the exchange of solutes and water between pelvic urine and OM would involve capillaries, primarily, since morphometric analysis showed that both fenestrated and continuous capillaries of the OM were extremely abundant (greater than 60% of OM pelvic surface area) just under the thin pelvic epithelium.
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PMID:Ultrastructural organization of the hamster renal pelvis. 48 9

Roentgenographic visualization of a calculus in the distal ureter is often made difficult by gas or bowel contents in the region of the pelvis. Filling the bladder with sterile water raises the bladder dome and displaces the bowel upward. Any calculus in the lower 4 to 5 cm. of the distal ureter is then clearly demonstrated on roentgenograms taken against the water-filled bladder instead of against the bowel filled with gas and feces. This maneuver also aids in differentiation of a calculus in the distal ureter from a phlebolith in the bladder wall, and has improved visualization of distal ureteral calculus in 50 patients during the last six years.
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PMID:Improved radiographic visualization of calculus in distal ureter. 49 77

Following radical hysterectomy the urinary bladder develops a denervation supersensitivity to cholinergic stimulation. The carbachol-test based on that observation: after filling the bladder with 100 ml sterile saline and subcutaneous administration of 0,004 mg.kg-1 body weight carbachol the course of the intravesical pressure was recorded. Normal bladders respond with a pressure rise non exceeding 15 cm H2O. Between 15 and 20 cm H2O is a suspicous zone. Test results of more than 20 cm H2O indicate a denervated bladder with increasing certainty. 6 healthy women and 50 patients underwent radical hysterectomy were examined. In 20 women measurements before and after the operation were performed. The carbachol-test is semiquantitative only. In patients with bladder dysfunction we found predominant pathological test results. But there is no evident correlation between the level of the test result and the clinical degree of the micturition disturbances. In some cases the effects of the detrusor supersensitivity on the urethra and the ureter were examined. The conditions of the denervated bladder call for caution in the administration of cholinergic drugs.
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PMID:[The carbachol test on the determination of detrusor denervation following extended hysterectomy]. 56 11

New fiberoptic scopes, originally designed for biliary tract operations, were used in 23 cases for removal of residual calculi at pyelolithotomy and for examination of the renal pelvis and ureter. The external diameters of the scopes are 6.6 mm. (CHF-X1) and 4.5 mm. (CHF-X2). Water irrigation and forceps manipulation can be performed simultaneously with the CHF-X1 scope but only irrigation can be done with the CHF-X2 scope. The scopes were reliable and allowed easy endoscopic forceps manipulation. Improvements for an ideal fibroptic nephroscope are discussed.
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PMID:Operative nephroscopy with fiberoptic scope: preliminary report. 63 67

Studies were performed in Munich-Wistar rats to determine whether changes in papillary plasma flow might be responsible for the concentrating defect which occurs after exposure of the extrarenal papilla. Papillary plasma flow was measured by (125)I-albumin accumulation. Initial studies in hydropenic animals revealed that papillary plasma flow was 40% higher in the kidney with the exposured papilla, 41 vs. 29 ml/min per 100 g of papilla (P < 0.001). This increase in papillary plasma flow was detectable 15 or 45 min after removing the ureter. Because it was unclear whether the rise in papillary plasma flow was a cause or the result of the fall in urine osmolality, similar studies were performed in animals undergoing a water diuresis. In this setting, papillary plasma flow still increased on the exposed side compared to the control side, 81 vs. 60 ml/min per 100 g, despite similarly low urine osmolalities of 155 and 174 mosmol/kg, respectively. This finding is compatible with the possibility that papillary exposure per se causes an increase in papillary plasma flow and that this hemodynamic alteration may lead to a reduction in urinary osmolality secondary to washout of the medullary interstitium. A final group of hydropenic rats was given either indomethacin or meclofenamate before removing the ureter. In these studies, there was no difference in either the papillary plasma flow or the urine osmolality between control and exposed kidneys. It is therefore suggested that opening the ureter induces an increase in papillary plasma flow by some mechanism which may involve an alteration in prostaglandin synthesis.
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PMID:Studies on the mechanism of reduced urinary osmolality after exposure of renal papilla. 64 Nov 44

A comparative study on the kidney of Pulmonata living on land (Stylommatophora) and in fresh water (Basommatophora) was made. The sections performed in three different planes allowed us to know the 3-dimensional pattern of its components: renopericardial duct, kidney sac and ureter. Renopericardial duct runs far into the kidney sac. The duct of Basommatophora is longer and bears also longer cilia than that of Stylommatophora. Kidney sac is similar in both groups and is made up of a wall from which a complex lamellar system spreads into the cavity. Lamellae are longer and more numerous at the dorsal wall, being the lumen of the organ eccentric. The cavity is lined by columnar epithelial cells (nefrocytes) with brush border. Characteristic of the nefrocytes is the presence of a large apical vacuole containing an excretion granule. In Lymnaea there are also lamella lined by cubic epithelium without excretion granule. The union between kidney sac and ureter is different from one another in the three species studied. In Lymnaea the kidney sac narrows and forms the ureter; the connexion in Cryptomphalus is achieved through a 200 micrometer window; and in Helicella there is a duct between both parts. The ureter has a columnar epithelium with very deep infoldings of the basal cell membrane, according to its osmotic regulative function. In Stylommatophora there are primary and secondary ureters, while in Basommatophora there is only one type.
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PMID:[Excretion in basommatophora and stylommatophora pulmonata (author's transl)]. 72 32

Changes in the excretion of water and electrolyte in one kidney after exclusion of its partner have been studied in anesthetized dogs and rabbits. Complete clamping of the contralateral kidney pedicle or ureter results in a rapid increase in the excretion of water, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate and bicarbonate. This response is also observed in denervated kidneys. Pretreatment with the loop inhibitor, furosemide, does not preclude adaptation which, however, is blunted by acetazolamide, an inhibitor of proximal sodium and bicarbonate reabsorption. Free-water reabsorption during hypertonic saline diuresis is normal in the remaining kidney. Compensatory adaptation, thus, appears to be located in the proximal tubule. The regulatory response to contralateral kidney exclusion is already fully developed in one-month-old rabbits. Compensatory adaptation of electrolyte excretion is not accounted for by changes in extracellular fluid volume, plasma composition, glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, aldosterone or vasopressin.
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PMID:Studies on compensatory adaptation of renal functions. 73 47

The renal and proximal tubule response to contralateral kidney exclusion was studied in a variety of circumstances. Recollection micropuncture studies were performed to assess the response to contralateral kidney clamping in the normal or a remnant kidney of the dog. Acute clamping of the contralateral kidney for a normal and unilateral remnant kidney resulted in marked reduction in proximal TF/P inulin ratios in the experimental kidney reflecting a 15 percent reduction in fluid reabsorption. Mean fractional excretion of sodium, potassium and water increased significantly in remnant kidney dogs but no significant change was observed in normal dogs except for potassium excretion. The marked reduction in proximal reabsorption occurred as soon as 5-15 minutes after contralateral kidney clamping and was compensated by distal reabsorption. Acute obstruction of the contralateral ureter results in a similar markedly reduced proximal tubular reabsorption. The reduction in proximal reabsorption induced by contralateral clamping occurred in the presence of reduced perfusion pressure and volume expansion and to some extent with renal denervation. When prostaglandin E(2) or acetycholine were infused prior to contralateral kidney clamping, proximal reabsorption remained at control levels and the contralateral clamping response was blocked. Similar blockade occurred after treatment with indomethacin. Acute reduction in nephron mass causes a marked depression of proximal tubular sodium and fluid absorption not obviously accounted for by hemodynamicphysical factors and humoral factors may be involved. The level of distal reabsorption to increased proximal delivery following contralateral clamping, determines the net urinary excretion.
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PMID:Acute functional adaptation to nephron loss: micropuncture studies. 73 48


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