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Query: UMLS:C0403608 (ureter)
 9,655 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The incidence and prevalence of urolithiasis in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic is as high as in other countries of Central and Western Europe, and lower than in the Scandinavian countries. Apart from its high incidence, urolithiasis is characterized by its high tendency to recurrence. New knowledge of its pathogenesis helps to diagnose metabolic disorders responsible for increased excretion of concretion-producing substances and/or for deficiency in protective factors. In case of calcium oxalate lithiasis, with the highest incidence, attention is to be paid to its various forms of hypercalciuria, and, more recently, to moderate hyperoxaluria, and as regards protective factors, to magnesium, citrates, pyrophosphates and mucopolysaccharides. The determination of the type of metabolical disorder in patients with lithiasis enables to modify the diet and/or medication leading to causal prophylaxis against recurrence, i.e. metaphylaxis. At our Prague urological clinic, a consultation centre for lithiatic patients has been in operation since 1977. Long-term experience has shown that it has been successful especially in preventing recurrence or a in a substantial reduction in recurrence in 94% of the followed-up patients. Although the centre's activity is demanding both on the personnel and laboratory, even first sufferers from ilthiatic attacks should take advantage of it. At this early stage, such patients were found to have a metabolic disorders in 60%. In the past 7 years of treating nephrolithiasis and ureterolithiasis, new methods have been introduced which substantially improve the results and are less invasive than a classical operation. Among others, they comprise percutaneous endoscopic methods of disintegration and concrement extraction from the kidney and ureter, uteroscopy and extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy. It is to be expected that these methods will replace classical operations at a rate of 90%.
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PMID:[Urolithiasis. Review of present knowledge of epidemiology, pathogenesis, metaphylaxis and treatment]. 266 71

137 patients were treated by ESWL with Sonolith 2000 lithotriptor using ultrasonography localisation. 132 patients were eligible for review. Calculi were caliceal in 85, pelvic in 51, in upper ureter in 1; 26 stones were treated by the push and bang technique with an ureteric stent. Fragmentation rate was 83.9% and stone free rate at 3 months was 68.5%. Failure were reviewed: non fragmentation (16.1%) and insufficient fragmentation (15.1%). 14 calculi were analysed by infra red spectrophotometry and correlated with radiodensity on pre ESWL plain X-ray. Hardness and friability criteria are described. Calculi of different radiographic aspects respond differently to shock wave fragmentation. Some stone composition as calcium oxalate monohydrate pure or mixed with apatite and calcified uric acid are difficult to break by ESWL. Those calculi represented almost 30% of the series. This criteria of hardness has to be taken into account for the selection of patients in order to improve the results of ESWL.
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PMID:[Extracorporeal hydro-electric shockwave lithotripsy (Sonolith 2000). Analysis of 137 records of a first-year experience]. 268 45

The ionic nature of each of the two slow wave depolarization phases of cat's ureter pacemaker during i.a. perfusion of kidneys, was studied. An increase of the calcium ions concentration led to an increase in the second wave phase amplitude, lengthening of the first phase and a decrease in the wave generation frequency. A decrease of the sodium ion concentration also led to an increase in the oscillation frequency with a corresponding shortening of the first phase. In sodium-free solution, during a short interval of time slow wave generation was observed which represented usually the second wave component. But for the autooscillations to get steady, the presence of sodium ions in medium is necessary. The Na+/Ca++ system seems to participate in the generation of the first wave phase.
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PMID:[Regulation of the phases of slow-wave ureteral activity by sodium and calcium ions]. 275 73

In sodium-free Krebs solution ureter cells are able to generate action potentials. Logarithm of time, during which spikes are generated, is in proportion to the concentration of calcium ions in the surrounding medium in interval from 2.5 to 15 mmol/l. The addition of 20 mmol/l Na+ ions into the external solution is able to reestablish prolonged electrical activity of ureter. In sodium-free solution it is possible the reestablishment of short duration activity which depends on K+ ions concentration in surroundings. It is supposed that intracellular concentration of calcium ions in ureter may be regulated with the help of Na+/Ca++ exchange mechanism.
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PMID:[The role of sodium ions of the medium on the generation of spike activity in the ureter]. 280 49

Experiments were carried out in-vitro using segments of guinea-pig ileum, taenia caeci, ureter and detrusor. In the ileum, oxybutynin (30, 100 nM) competitively antagonized acetylcholine-induced contractions but did not alter those induced by histamine. Higher concentrations of oxybutynin (up to 10 microM) induced a non-competitive depression of responses to both agonists and caused a parallel shift to the right of the Ca2+-induced contractions in taenia caeci strips bathed in a Ca2+-free, high-K+ medium. In the ureter, oxybutynin (1-10 microM) impaired rhythmic muscular contractions in normal medium and after CaCl2 addition in Ca2+-free medium. Similarly to verapamil (10, 30 microM), oxybutynin (10, 30 microM) depressed both the cholinergic and non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic components of the electrically-induced contractions of detrusor strips. It is concluded that oxybutynin has anticholinergic properties and, at higher concentrations, exerts a direct spasmolytic activity possibly mediated by blockade of the transmembrane Ca2+ fluxes responsible for smooth muscle contraction.
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PMID:Depressant action of oxybutynin on the contractility of intestinal and urinary tract smooth muscle. 288 93

Muscle strips from the fundus, trigonum and distal ureters obtained from children at operations for vesico-ureteric reflux were studied using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods, and electrical nerve stimulation in an organ bath. A rich supply of cholinergic nerves was found and despite a partial atropine resistance the neurophysiological experiments indicated that the transmitter causing contraction of the detrusor muscle is acetylcholine. Imipramine, which is used in the treatment of enuresis, had no anticholinergic effect on the bladder in the doses used clinically. The adrenergic innervation was very sparse except around the ureter orifices. No contractile alpha-adrenoceptors could be detected but beta receptor mediated relaxation was found, which was neither of the beta 1 nor beta 2 type. A third type of beta receptor is postulated. Peptidergic nerves containing vasoactive intestinal peptide, VIP, were demonstrated in a few nerve terminals running along bundles of smooth muscle. No nerves containing enkephaline, somatostatine or substance P were found. VIP affected the detrusor muscle indicating a possible role as a modulator of transmitter action, while substance P had no effect. The anticholinergic and calcium antagonistic drug terodiline inhibited all muscle activity, whether it was induced by nerve stimulation, cholinergic drugs or a potassium rich solution, making it suitable for treatment of diurnal enuresis.
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PMID:Innervation of the child urinary bladder. 302 85

The diagnosis of non-opaque calculi can be difficult. In 4 patients with protracted symptoms, 2 had renal pelvic filling defects, 1 a possible filling defect and 1 complete obstruction of the ureter at L4. Non-opaque calculi were readily diagnosed by CT scanning. Three patients have successfully undergone surgery (2 open, 1 percutaneous) and 1 awaits percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Of two stones available for analysis, one was composed of uric acid and the other calcium and phosphate. We recommend CT scanning as the investigation of choice for unexplained filling defects in the renal pelvis and ureter or when a non-opaque calculus is suspected.
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PMID:CT scanning in the diagnosis and management of radiolucent urinary calculi. 320 21

Effects of temperature and Na0+ on the relaxation of guinea-pig ureter smooth muscle were studied. Relaxation of phasic contraction was found to be highly temperature-dependent, practically independent of Na0+ and Ca02+, and resistant to vanadate. The relaxation of the tonic tension of both high-K and low-Na contracture was less temperature-dependent and affected by Na0+. The relaxation of tonic tension produced by introduction of Na0+ was about 3-5 times faster than that produced by Ca-free solution. La3+ ions were found to block the relaxation of the tonic component of the Na+-free contracture initiated by removal of Ca02+. Three systems of regulation of cell calcium are suggested to be operative in the ureter muscle: a fast one which is highly temperature-dependent and responsible for the relaxation of the phasic contraction (probably the sarcoplasmic reticulum), and two slow membrane-linked carriers, one of which is dependent on Na0+ (probably Na-Ca exchange) and another one which is independent of Na0+ and inhibited by La3+ (probably Ca-pump).
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PMID:Effects of temperature and Na0+ on the relaxation of phasic and tonic tension of guinea-pig ureter muscle. 339 48

Muscle strips from the fundus, trigone, and distal ureter obtained from children at operation for vesicoureteric reflux were studied using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods, and electrical nerve stimulation in an organ bath. A rich supply of cholinergic nerves was found and the transmitter causing contraction of the detrusor muscle was regarded as being acetylcholine. The adrenergic innervation was very sparse except around the ureteric orifices. No contractile alpha-adrenoceptors could be detected but beta-receptor-mediated relaxation was found. The type was not beta 1 or beta 2, suggesting a third type of beta-receptor. Peptidergic nerves containing vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were demonstrated in a few nerve terminals. No nerves containing enkephalin, somatostatin, or substance P were found. VIP affected the detrusor muscle, indicating a possible role as a modulator of transmitter action. Imipramine, used for enuresis, had no anticholinergic effect on the bladder in the doses used clinically. The anticholinergic and calcium antagonistic drug terodiline inhibited all muscle activity, making it suitable for treatment of diurnal enuresis.
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PMID:Urinary bladder innervation in children. 355 68

The case is described of a 43 year old woman with spasmophilic syndrome. For 12 years she had suffered from fainting fits, marked morning asthenia, anxiety, depression, widespread arthromyalgia, blood pressure fluctuations, precordial pains, paresthesia and painful nocturnal cramp. This clinical picture appeared in a subject with a double left kidney and stones in the supernumerary ureter, enlargement of the pancreatic head and tail revealed by a CAT scan and an earlier cholecystectomy. Given the multiplicity of symptoms diagnosis was necessarily by a process of elimination. The data providing grounds for optimism were a positive Chvostek's sign, stable calcium phosphorus profiles, a reduction in ionised calcium and favourable eletromyographic readings.
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PMID:[A case of spasmophilic syndrome]. 360 Nov 38


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