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Query: UMLS:C0403608 (ureter)
 9,655 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During a seven-year period (1975-1981) a total of 1325 patients hospitalized for stone disease were studied as to the occurrence of positive urine cultures. Urinary stones from 535 surgically treated patients were analyzed with infrared spectrophotometry and the relationships between stone composition, level of surgery and bacteriological strains were studied. Positive urinary cultures were found in 34% of the surgically treated patients and in 21% of those not operated upon. Among the surgically treated patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) E. coli was the most frequent microorganism (35%), followed by Proteus (28%). Patients with Proteus infection had the highest frequency of UTI episodes, most of which occurred before hospitalization. There was a higher frequency of magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) calculi among patients with Proteus infection than among those with non-Proteus infection, in whom no difference in stone composition was found. Patients infected with E. coli had more phosphate-containing stones (CaP+MAP) than non-infected patients. The highest frequency of oxalate calculi (CaOx+CaOx/CaP) was found among patients without infection. No E. coli infections were seen in male patients with CaP and MAP calculi. MAP stones were most often found in the kidney and oxalate stones in the ureter.
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PMID:The relation between urinary tract infections and stone composition in renal stone formers. 266 13

The diagnosis of non-opaque calculi can be difficult. In 4 patients with protracted symptoms, 2 had renal pelvic filling defects, 1 a possible filling defect and 1 complete obstruction of the ureter at L4. Non-opaque calculi were readily diagnosed by CT scanning. Three patients have successfully undergone surgery (2 open, 1 percutaneous) and 1 awaits percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Of two stones available for analysis, one was composed of uric acid and the other calcium and phosphate. We recommend CT scanning as the investigation of choice for unexplained filling defects in the renal pelvis and ureter or when a non-opaque calculus is suspected.
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PMID:CT scanning in the diagnosis and management of radiolucent urinary calculi. 320 21

Combination of 1 alpha(OH) D3(vit D) and ethylene glycol induced renal or ureteral stones or both consisting of calcium oxalate in male Wistar rats. This study investigates the effect of EHDP on calcium oxalate stone using the rat model. EHDP reduced the frequency of renal stone and calcium content in the kidney, and reduced the size of the stones in the renal pelvis and ureter. EHDP biochemically ameliorated renal injury induced by vit D and ethylene glycol. EHDP suppressed urinary excretion of calcium even though serum calcium slightly increased. EHDP had a phosphaturic action. EHDP elevated urinary excretion of magnesium. However, the severity of hypermagnesuria decreased in the rat which was not given EHDP concomitantly. Although EHDP slightly elevated urinary excretion of oxalate in the control rat, it did not affect the high level of urinary oxalate in the vit D/ethylene glycol rat. EHDP did not produce any histological change in the kidney or femoral bone. These data indicate that EHDP can suppress renal stone formation in the vit D/ethylene glycol rat. It is speculated that firstly, EHDP may physicochemically inhibit stone formation in the process of nidus, aggregation and crystal growth of calcium oxalate, under the supersaturated condition of calcium oxalate in the urine, and secondly, EHDP may endocrinologically inhibit production of 1,25 (OH)2 vit D in the kidney or inhibit 1, 25 (OH)2 vit D-mediated intestinal calcium absorption. It is suggested that in order to prevent stone recurrence, EHDP may be clinically applied not only to calcium phosphate stones but also to calcium oxalate stones and hypercalciuria mediated by an active form of vitamin D.
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PMID:[Effect of etidronate disodium (EHDP) on calcium oxalate renal stones induced by synthetic 1 alpha(OH) vitamin D3 and ethylene glycol in rats]. 393 44

1. Acute experiments were carried out on anaesthetized dogs during metabolic alkalosis produced by I.V. administration of NaHCO(3). Partial constriction of one ureter led to a significant rise in the HCO(3) (-) threshold, beyond the simultaneous value for the other kidney. The magnitude of the increase was not correlated with the reduction of glomerular filtration.2. Stop-flow analysis, following complete unilateral obstruction of urine flow, demonstrated proximal as well as distal tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate. At any given plasma P(co2) the detailed configuration of the concentration changes which developed depended on (a) the presence and concentration of mannitol, (b) the duration of urinary stasis, and (c) the plasma concentration of HCO(3) (-).3. If a solution containing 15% (w/v) mannitol was infused I.V., the HCO(3) (-) concentration in free flow urine was lower than in plasma, and it fell further during arrest of flow in the entire column of trapped fluid. If less mannitol was infused, or none at all, interruption of urine flow led to a striking increase of HCO(3) (-) concentration in the distal portion of the occluded column, and to a fall in the fluid arrested in the proximal segments.4. It was demonstrated that the HCO(3) (-) concentration attained after 2(1/2), 6, or 15 min of urinary stasis at any point in the trapped fluid column was due to the combined effects of water reabsorption and HCO(3) (-) reabsorption which proceeded independently, and with a different time course.5. If mannitol was administered the lowest urinary HCO(3) (-) concentration in the series moved progressively to a more distal location with increasing duration of urinary stasis. When HCO(3) (-) concentration peaks were present in distal fluid they were conspicuous only after short interruptions of urine flow; during extended stop-flow periods they became attenuated, or disappeared. If no mannitol was administered this did not occur.6. Provided the plasma level of HCO(3) (-) was sufficiently elevated, mannitol (15%, w/v) was administered, and the time available for reabsorption was lengthened by ureter obstruction, much larger concentration differences between plasma and trapped fluid developed than the largest that are ever found between the plasma and freely draining urine. The magnitude of the largest plasma-urine (P-U) concentration difference for HCO(3) (-) increased with intratubular ;contact time', and no limiting value was found.7. Potassium concentration in distal occluded fluid fell with prolonged duration of stasis. This was related to the slow and progressive diminution of distal HCO(3) (-) concentration. But if instead of bicarbonate a nonreabsorbable anion, such as phosphate, was the dominant distal anion, K(+) concentration in distal fractions remained high and rose further with time.
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PMID:Factors modifying renal tubular bicarbonate reabsorption in the dog. 563 89

Renal tubular function has been studied in pig fetuses of 105-112 d gestational age in new-born pigs 5-9 d old. The experiments were performed on anaesthetized animals, urines being collected by inserting a catheter into one ureter of the animal under study. The glomerular filtration rate was estimated and plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of the following substances were measured: sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonia, urea, phosphate, glucose fructose, creatinine, protein and exogenous 4-aminohippuric acid, and inulin. The reabsorption of water was considered in relation to the plasma vasopressin values. New-born pigs were loaded with glucose and fructose in order to determine the maximal tubular transport rate of these substances. Significant changes at birth occur in only a few functions of the tubulus system. Following delivery, major changes are: (1) the increased reabsorption of sodium and water which is probably the most important adaptation to extra-uterine life; (2) an apparent increasing impermeability of the tubular epithelium for creatinine, and (3) the direction of transport of fructose, which is reabsorbed by fetuses whereas neonates demonstrate a net secretion. Glucose and fructose are transported by different mechanisms. The experiments with fructose-loaded piglets demonstrate that there are at least two transport mechanisms for fructose: reabsorption - either passive or active - and secretion. The factors causing a shifting from one mechanism to the other are not yet known.
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PMID:Perinatal development of tubular function in the pig. 651 94

Calcitonin and acetazolamide inhibit bone resorption in the ureter-ligated rat. Calcitonin treatment results in an ensuing hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia. Although acetazolamide treatment results in a hypocalcemic response similar to that seen with calcitonin, plasma phosphate concentrations increase or remain unchanged after drug treatment. Data are presented indicating that acetazolamide exhibits two effects that influence blood phosphate. Drug treatment of ureter-ligated rats results in an inhibition of bone resorption which tends to lower blood phosphate concentrations. However, this effect is masked by a drug-induced hypercapnia which results in an increase in plasma phosphate concentrations. Elevation of blood pCO2 also attenuates the hypophosphatemic response to calcitonin.
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PMID:Sulfonamide inhibition of bone resorption: lack of a hypophosphatemia. 678 33

The prevalence of kidney stones has steadily risen during this century; passage of a calculus and a positive family history increase the probability of recurrence. Findings from recent studies on the cause of renal calculi have stressed crystallization and crystal aggregation of stone minerals from supersaturated urine, rather than excessive organic matrix. Absence of normal urine inhibitors of calcium salts is also stressed. Formation of calcium oxalate stones is the major problem. Therapy with decreased calcium and oxalate intake, thiazides, phosphate salts and allopurinol in various combinations has substantially decreased the prevalence of recurrent stones. The rationale for the use of allopurinol is that uric acid salts enhance the tendency for calcium oxalate to crystallize from supersaturated urine. The hypercalciuria seen in 30 percent to 40 percent of patients with oxalate stones is usually caused by intestinal hyperabsorption of calcium. Although patients with uric acid calculi constitute only a small fraction of those in whom stones form, they represent a group in whom good medical therapy, based on sound physiologic principles, has proved extremely successful. Renal tubular syndromes lead to nephrocalcinosis and lithiasis through hypercalciuria, alkaline urine and hypocitraturia, the latter an inhibitor of calcium salt precipitation. Recent advances in surgical techniques are discussed, including the rationale for removing staghorn calculi. The ileal ureter and coagulum pyelolithotomy deserve special emphasis.
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PMID:Kidney stones. 738 35

It has been reported that up to half of renal stones and associated urine specimens have been positive on culture, and that up to 50% of such stones contain magnesium ammonium phosphate. In a prospective study using infrared and wet chemical analysis, we found positive cultures in only 7 of 132 renal, 5 of 105 ureteral and 6 of 21 bladder stones obtained surgically and handled with sterility. Of the culture positive calculi only 43% from the kidney, none from the ureter and 50% from the bladder contained detectable magnesium ammonium phosphate. However, magnesium ammonium phosphate was detectable in 20% of renal, 2% of ureteral and 27% of bladder stones with negative cultures. Of the culture positive renal and ureteral calculi 42% were predominantly calcium phosphate and 17% were predominantly calcium oxalate. For culture negative stones 25% and 51% from the kidney, and 15% and 82% from the ureter were composed of predominantly calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate, respectively. Among the culture positive stones, related positive urine cultures were noted in 100% of the renal, 20% of the ureteral and 50% of the bladder cases, compared to 26%, 10% and 27%, respectively, of culture negative calculi. The same organism was found in the stone and urine in only 38% of the cases. The lower frequency of positive urine cultures, of stones with magnesium ammonium phosphate, and especially of culture positive renal and ureteral stones (5%) than in previous reports suggests that stone culture may be of less value than indicated previously, except for bladder calculi and large renal stones, such as the branched type.
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PMID:Bacteriology of urinary tract stones. 786 88

Women diagnosed with early stage ovarian cancer may be considered for adjuvant therapy. Intraperitoneal chromic phosphate (P-32) is commonly used in these patients with few complications. A woman found to have early stage ovarian cancer was given intraperitoneal P-32 in the presence of a lingering pelvic infection, which is usually not mentioned as a contraindication to its use. Radiation damage to the small bowel and cecum developed as did damage to the ureter and bladder, which then required surgery.
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PMID:Adjuvant intraperitoneal chromic phosphate therapy in a woman with early ovarian carcinoma and pelvic infection with resulting catastrophic complications. 795 49

The requirements of organ cryopreservation differ from those of conventional organ preservation. The encouraging results of Karow's group with dog kidneys transplanted after perfusion with more than 4 M dimethyl sulfoxide were based on an RPS-2 (renal preservation solution 2) vehicle solution, but transplantation of rabbit kidneys after perfusion with RPS-2 has not been reported. We evaluated RPS-2 in comparison to Euro-Collins solution (EC) using a modified technique for rabbit kidney autotransplantation and a computer-based organ perfusion machine designed for the introduction and removal of cryoprotective agents. Consistent success in rabbit kidney transplantation was found to depend on the anesthetic used, the hydration volumes administered, and direct ureter-to-ureter anastomosis. RPS-2 was found to be equivalent to EC for short-term (about 5 h) preservation by either perfusion or simple cold storage. However, good results with EC were associated with perfusion at 4 degrees C, recovery being significantly worse at 2 degrees C. In addition, we found that the solitary rabbit kidney is not able to fully compensate for the loss of the contralateral kidney, the result being persistent (to 3 weeks) mild elevation of serum creatinine, potassium, and calcium and persistent moderate reduction of serum phosphate. These results establish perfusates, perfusion conditions, transplantation techniques, computer-based perfusion control techniques, and a general clinical baseline that are permissive of further direct experiments on cryoprotectant introduction and removal.
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PMID:Cryopreservation of the mammalian kidney. I. Transplantation of rabbit kidneys perfused with EC and RPS-2 at 2-4 degrees C. 815 95


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