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Query: UMLS:C0403608 (ureter)
 9,655 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The renal pelvis and the ureter represent a functional system with myogenic excitation generation and conduction. The activity of this system is modulated by the autonomic nervous system: alpha-adrenergic and cholinergic substances stimulate, beta-adrenergic drugs inhibit the pyeloureteral activity. Besides the sympathetic nervous system with adrenergic postganglionic excitation conduction and the parasympathetic nervous system with cholinergic transmission, non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic systems appear to exist. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), e.g., markably decreases the frequency and amplitude of the ureteral activity. Calcium antagonists (e.g. nifedipin) lead to a direct inhibition of the ureteral activity: the quick phasic contractions are selectively oppressed without any influence on the tonic activity of the pyeloureter. A direct therapeutic modulation of the ureteral activity, however, e.g. to treat a colic or to accelerate the spontaneous discharge of stones, seems to be only rarely possible: Glucagone shows a markable decrease of ureteral peristalsis in animal experiments. Antagonists of prostaglandine proved to have not only an antiinflammatory and central analgetic effect but they also influence the pyeloureter directly by relaxing the muscular layer.
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PMID:[Pharmacologic modification of ureteral activity]. 378 87

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and substance P were demonstrated in the pig ureter by immunohistochemical techniques. Nerves containing these materials were related mainly to the smooth muscle layer in the normal and obstructed ureter. In isolated ureteral segments, VIP caused relaxation at doses exceeding 0.18 micrograms/ml, with no significant difference seen in the effect on normal and obstructed ureter. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide may play a role in the regulation of ureteral smooth muscle tone.
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PMID:Peptidergic nerves in the ureter. 750 68