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Query: UMLS:C0403608 (ureter)
 9,655 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An easy and cheap method for culturing Neisseria is developed. The medium for gonococci is prepared as proposed by the producer (BBL, Oxoid, Hoechst). About 8 ml of the medium are poured in sterile air-tight stool tubes of 25 ml volume. Materials to be examined for gonococci are taken from the cervix, ureter or anus and are inoculated on the medium. A small piece (20-30 mg) of the GasPak tablet (BBL) is then deposited in the tube and closed immediately. The GasPak tablet consists of sodium bicarbonate and citric acid which, if they come in contact with humidity, produce CO2 gas. The inoculated tube is then put in an incubator at 37 degrees C for 14-24 h. This method gives a good microbiological result. With the aid of the oxidase reaction the colonies take a brown-black color. For further differentiation of the species the sugar fermentation method is necessary.
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PMID:[Neisseria gonorrhoeae culture: development of an easy method]. 40 61

This experiment involved 12 rabbits of both sexes, weighing 2.1 kg. After anesthesia, the kidneys were exposed, isolated and cannulated in the renal artery, ureter and sometimes in the vein as well. The kidney were perfused through the renal artery with Krebs-Henseleit solution, which were then filtered to be free of particles, gased with 95% O2-5% CO2, and kept at 37 degrees C. We measured RBCs concentrations by means of Coulter Counter in the venous outflow collected, and plotted them against the volume perfused. Using 2 different flow rates, 9 ml/min (group I) and 19 ml/min (group II), we found that the RBCs decreased in a multiexponential decay fashion and a biophysical model for each flow rate was constructed. These models indicated that there were more cell stores (2.20 x 10(10)) in the fast compartment of group II than in group I (1.72 x 10(10)). This difference is not statistically significant, but certainly coincides with urine flow collected from ureter cannula during perfusion. Our present data clearly suggest that in order to clear 99% blood cells out of 10-12 gm rabbit kidneys, at least 3-6 ml of cell free perfusate is required while clearing the whole blood cells out of human kidneys (200-240 gm) may need 600 ml or more. Thus, we recommend that at least 600 ml of perfusate should be used to clear most of the blood cells in the renal vasculature before renal transplantation is performed.
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PMID:Compartmental analysis of RBC circulation through the rabbit kidney. 130 9

Laparoscopic surgery has been widely performed for removing the gallbladder and the pelvic lymph-nodes in recent years. We have applied laparoscopy technique to nephrectomy and here we describe our procedures and the clinical results. The patient is placed in the supine position under general anesthesia. After a 4 liter CO2 pneumoperitoneum is induced, five trocars are inserted into the abdominal cavity through the ipsilateral abdominal wall. The patient is then turned to the lateral position to displace the bowel medially. The ipsilateral colon is reflected medially after incision of the parietal peritoneum was made along the line of Todt to expose the retroperitoneum. The ureter was identified and dissected. It was secured with 4 clips (2 clips on the renal side and 2 on the distal side) and then cut with scissors. The renal vein and artery were then dissected and separately ligated with clips as described above. These vessels were also cut. The upper pole of the kidney was dissected out and the adrenal gland was left in place. The kidney thus became completely free within the abdomen. It was then grasped by the forceps through a 10 mm sheath positioned below the umbilicus. After incising the abdominal wall, the kidney was removed from the abdominal cavity with the grasping forceps and the sheath. By this procedure right nephrectomy was completely performed in a 56-year-old female patient and left nephrectomy in a 56-year-old male patient. The underlying disease was recurrent pyelonephritis secondary to renal calculi in both cases. The operative times were 221 min and 346 min, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Laparoscopic nephrectomy. Preliminary report]. 153 98

Factors affecting intracellular pH (pHi) in the smooth muscle of guinea pig ureter have been investigated using pH-sensitive microelectrodes. Associated acids and bases appear to have free passage across the cell membrane but results suggest very low permeability to charged acid equivalents, thus implicating carrier-mediated movements in many of the observed pHi transients. Recovery from acidosis in the nominal absence of CO2 was inhibited by removal of Na+ and by the presence of amiloride, indicating that Na+/H+ exchange was responsible. The presence of CO2 resulted in a faster recovery from acidosis but, since intracellular buffering power was not increased, not a substantially faster effective extrusion of protons. Surprisingly, amiloride no longer caused discernable inhibition. Recovery from moderate acidosis remained Na+ dependent but was not inhibited by DIDS or acetazolamide or by the absence of Cl-, suggesting a dominant Na+-, and HCO3(-)-dependent mechanism unlike any hitherto described. Recovery from alkalosis was inhibited by DIDS and Cl(-)-free conditions, indicating that Cl-/HCO3- exchange was involved. Results suggest reversal of this mechanism on extreme acidosis. Experiments in vascular smooth muscle with fluorescent indicators confirm the presence of Na+/H+ exchange but provide conflicting evidence about the presence and properties of the HCO3(-)-dependent mechanism.
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PMID:Movement of acid equivalents across the mammalian smooth muscle cell membrane. 284 29

Four new technologies have transformed the treatment of urinary calculi: electrohydraulic lithotripsy, ultrasonic lithotripsy, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, and laser lithotripsy. Initial attempts to ablate urinary calculi by continuous wave CO2, ruby, and Nd-YAG lasers failed because of excess thermal injury and inability to pass the laser energy via a flexible fiber. Basic laboratory studies then demonstrated that short pulsed laser energy absorbed by the calculus resulted in fragmentation. The parameters that produced optimal urinary calculus fragmentation were found using the flashlamp pumped tunable dye laser, with the following parameters: wavelength: 504 nm; pulse duration: 1 microsec; fiber: 250 micro silica-coated quartz; repetition: 5-20 Hz. Use of pulsed dye laser caused no tissue damage. The mechanism of fragmentation is light absorption, plasma development, and repetitive acoustic shock wave action with resultant fragmentation. The techniques for application of laser to calculi have been successful, and new, miniature instruments have been developed. Laser lithotripsy is a successful method for fragmenting ureteral calculi. The small caliber of the laser fiber makes this method useful for treating calculi in narrow, tortuous ureters; impacted calculi; distal calculi in ureters that cannot be dilated, via the percutaneous route for stones in calyces or impacted in the upper ureter. Investigations are continuing to optimize fragmentation of harder calculi and to use laser fragmentation within the kidney. Laser lithotripsy may also be used to fragment biliary calculi.
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PMID:Laser lithotripsy: a review of 20 years of research and clinical applications. 290 98

Sonographic air/CO2 contrast studies of the urinary bladder allow identification of abnormal peri- and intravesical low-echogenic structures and can differentiate between those that communicate with the bladder (refluxing ureters, bladder diverticula, patent urachus) from others that do not communicate (cysts of ovarian/enteric origin, urachus cyst). Ureteroceles with a refluxing/obstructed ureter can be more clearly delineated using gas contrast than with plain ultrasound. In a group of 217 children examined by bladder contrast sonography, 19 showed pathological peri- and intravesical findings, 17 of which were definitely evaluated by bladder contrast sonography. On the other hand, only 10 abnormalities of these 19 could be detected, and in not more than 8 was the final diagnosis made by plain sonography alone.
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PMID:Differential diagnosis of intra- and perivesical abnormalities using bladder air/CO2 contrast sonography. 308 38

In 44 patients with one or more calculi in the upper two-thirds of the ureter, single-stage percutaneous nephrolithotomy was performed through a middle or upper calyceal nephrostomy after cystoscopic placement of an occlusion balloon catheter distal to the calculus; in 42, the procedure was successful. The occlusion balloon catheter permitted retrograde opacification of all systems for enhanced renal puncture. In the last 30 patients an attempt was made either to push the calculus upward mechanically or to flush it upward into the renal pelvis with carbon dioxide or dilute contrast material. This was successful in 24 of these patients. Prior overnight occlusion of the ureter by means of ureteral dilatation further facilitates dislodgment of the calculus, which was successful in 12 of 13 patients.
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PMID:Upper and midureteral calculi: percutaneous extraction with an occlusion balloon catheter. 370 45

1. HCO3(-)-dependent mechanisms involved in the regulation of intracellular pH (pHi) were characterized using double-barrelled pH-sensitive microelectrodes in smooth muscle cells of the isolated guinea-pig ureter. 2. Removal of external Cl- in the presence of CO2-HCO3- caused a transient alkalosis, consistent with the presence of Cl(-)-HCO3- exchange, before pHi slowly recovered. Recovery from acidosis in the presence of CO2-HCO3- was not affected, at a time when intracellular Cl- would have been maximally depleted, indicating that a counter transport of Cl- and HCO3- was not involved. The recovery was also not affected by amiloride, indicating that Na(+)-H+ exchange was not involved. 3. A transient hyperpolarization was associated with the recovery from acidosis in the presence of CO2-HCO3-, consistent with rheogenic coupling of Na(+)-HCO3- cotransport. However, depolarization caused by elevation of the extracellular potassium (K+o) concentration, which should favour inward transport by the rheogenic mechanism, caused a fall in pHi and decreased the rate of recovery from acidosis. Furthermore, ouabain abolished the transient hyperpolarization without affecting the recovery of pHi. It is concluded that Na(+)-HCO3- cotransport in the ureter is electroneutral. 4. Recovery from acidosis in the presence of CO2-HCO3- was insensitive to DIDS even after prolonged pre-equilibriation and extreme acidosis. The results suggest that Na(+)-HCO3- cotransport in the ureter is insensitive to DIDS and that Cl(-)-HCO3- exchange does not reverse to contribute to the extrusion of acid equivalents. A HCO3- conductance may account for the Na(+)-independent, HCO3(-)-dependent recovery from extreme acidosis. 5. Recovery from experimentally induced alkalosis was inhibited by Cl(-)-free conditions and by DIDS, indicating that Cl(-)-HCO3- exchange was involved. 6. It is concluded that pHi in the smooth muscle of guinea-pig ureter is controlled by three transport mechanisms. By far the most important is an electroneutral Na(+)-HCO3- cotransporter. Na(+)-H+ exchange appears to play little role in the presence of the physiological buffer. Both of these mechanisms extrude acid equivalents and so protect the cell against its fairly substantial intrinsic intracellular acid loading. Cl(-)-HCO3- exchange, on the other hand, is stimulated by intracellular alkalosis to transport acid equivalents into the cell and so restore a more normal pHi.
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PMID:Regulation of intracellular pH in the smooth muscle of guinea-pig ureter: HCO3- dependence. 752 76

1. Mechanisms involved in the regulation of intracellular pH (pHi) in smooth muscle cells of guinea-pig ureter have been investigated using double-barrelled pH-sensitive microelectrodes in isolated strips of tissue. 2. Removal of CO2-HCO3- from the superfusing solution caused a fall in the steady-state pHi except in a few cells which had been excised from the animal for many hours (usually > 24 h). The pHi value was 7.22 +/- 0.09 (n = 89; mean +/- S.D. of an observation) in solution buffered with 5% CO2-21 mM HCO3-, compared with 6.92 +/- 0.24 (n = 67) in the nominal absence of CO2-HCO3-. Recovery from experimentally induced acidosis was faster in the presence, rather than nominal absence, of CO2-HCO3- (mean half-times of 2.7 +/- 0.7 min, n = 41, and 4.6 +/- 1.3 min, n = 12, respectively). These results suggest the presence of both HCO(3-)-dependent and -independent mechanisms for the effective extrusion of acid equivalents. 3. Recovery from acidosis was dependent on external Na+ (Na+o) in both the presence and nominal absence of CO2-HCO3-, with an apparent half-maximal activation at approximately 4 and 20 mM Na+o, respectively. Removal of Na+o in the steady state caused a fall in pHi which proceeded at a faster rate in the presence rather than in the nominal absence of CO2-HCO3-. 4. Amiloride (100 microM-1 mM) reversibly inhibited the recovery from acidosis and caused a fall in the steady-state pHi when applied in the nominal absence of CO2-HCO3-, but had no measurable effect on either the recovery from acidosis or steady-state pHi in the presence of CO2-HCO3-. These results suggest that Na(+)-H+ exchange was responsible for extrusion of acid equivalents in the nominal absence of CO2 and HCO3-, but that it played little part under more physiological conditions. 5. Although Na(+)-H+ exchange appeared to be activated below a pHi of about 7.2, it was incapable of maintaining a 'normal' pHi in the nominal absence of CO2-HCO3- in freshly excised cells, where values between 6.06 and 6.89 were recorded. Only in aged preparations, in which the intrinsic intracellular acid loading was substantially reduced (as judged from the rate of acidification on application of amiloride in the nominal absence of CO2-HCO3-) did the steady-state value approximate to that observed in the presence of CO2-HCO3-, at about 7.2.
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PMID:Regulation of intracellular pH in the smooth muscle of guinea-pig ureter: Na+ dependence. 779 29

1. Intracellular pH (pHi) of smooth muscle cells in isolated strips of guinea-pig femoral artery was measured using double-barrelled pH-sensitive microelectrodes. 2. In modified Krebs solution equilibrated with 5% CO2, pHi was 7.26 +/- 0.14 (n = 36; mean +/- S.D. of an observation) and the membrane potential (Em) was -60.5 +/- 5.5 mV. Removal of CO2 from the superfusing solution caused an immediate transient alkalosis before pHi stabilized at much the same value (7.28 +/- 0.14; n = 16) as in the presence of CO2. 3. The rate of recovery of pHi from experimentally induced acidosis was not measurably affected by the presence or nominal absence of CO2-HCO3-. 4. Application of amiloride (100 microM) blocked recovery from acidosis in the nominal absence of CO2-HCO3- and caused a progressive fall in pHi. In the presence of CO2-HCO3-, application of amiloride allowed a slow recovery to pHi 6.7-7.0, but completely prevented full recovery to the normal pHi. 5. Removal of extracellular Na+ (Na+o) caused a dramatic, progressive fall in pHi in both the presence and nominal absence of CO2-HCO3-. 6. The amiloride-insensitive extrusion of acid equivalents observed in the presence of CO2-HCO3- to pHi 6.7-7.0 was inhibited by removal of Na+o but was not affected by preequilibration with DIDS (see Methods). 7. It is concluded that Na(+)-H+ exchange is largely responsible for the effective extrusion of acid equivalents in these arterial cells, at least from relatively small perturbations. A DIDS-insensitive, Na(+)- and HCO3(-)-dependent mechanism provides some recovery from acidosis to a relatively low pHi. 8. Comparison with data obtained in exactly the same manner in smooth muscle cells of the guinea-pig ureter indicates that there are significant differences in the regulation of pHi in different smooth muscles.
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PMID:Regulation of intracellular pH in smooth muscle cells of the guinea-pig femoral artery. 779 30


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