Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0403608 (ureter)
 9,655 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Routine cytological screening of Papanicolaou-stained smears of the urinary sediment from 57 renal allografts in 51 patients has resulted in the detection of seven cases of Human Polyoma Virus (HPV) BK infection--14% of the total number. Infection was confirmed by virus isolation and electron microscopy (EM). The cytological, histological and ultra-structural data are described and related to the clinical progress of the patient. Four out of the seven cases are discussed in more detail as histological material was available; in three of these, there was evidence of stenosis of the transplant ureter with virus infected cells in the ureteric epithelium and in one case also in the renal tubules. Administration of high dose steroids may provoke active infection with HPV in ureteric epithelium damaged by ischaemia and inflammation. The similarity between the clinical features of an HPV infection and a rejection episode make it imperative to confirm the diagnosis quickly and accurately. Cytological examination of the urinary deposit by light microscopy is a simple, inexpensive procedure which provides positive diagnosis of the typical virus inclusions within an hour of receiving the urine specimen in the laboratory. This can be confirmed by removing single cells from the original cytological slide preparation and processing them for EM using a technique described by Coleman et al [1].
Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc 1978
PMID:Human polyoma virus (HPV)--a significant pathogen in renal transplantation. 21 90

In this work the impact of schistosomiasis on kidney transplantation was investigated by comparing two groups of patients, group 1 (Schistosoma-infected cases) and group 2 (control cases). In group 1, schistosomiasis was diagnosed in both donor and recipient in 63 cases, in recipient only in 65 cases, and in donor only in eight cases. Schistosomal infection among kidney transplant recipients was S. haematobium in 17 cases, S. mansoni in 58 cases, and mixed in 53 cases. Schistosomiasis was diagnosed by finding Schistosoma eggs in urine, stools, rectal mucosal biopsy, recipient bladder mucosal biopsy, or in the donor ureter obtained during surgery. Patients and donors with active lesions were treated at least 3 weeks before transplantation by the antischistosomal drugs praziquantel and oxamniquine. Follow-up after kidney transplantation showed no significant difference between the two groups regarding the incidence of acute and chronic rejection. Nevertheless, dose of cyclosporin, HBs antigenaemia, incidence of urinary tract infection, renal stones, ureteric stricture, and urinary leakage were significantly greater among schistosomal patients when compared to control cases. Schistosomal reinfection was observed in 23% of cases at high risk. Antischistosomal treatment did not affect the graft function. We have concluded that schistosomiasis may affect the outcome of kidney transplantation.
Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992
PMID:Impact of schistosomiasis on patient and graft outcome after kidney transplantation. 132 22

Plasma concentrations of carnitine and carnitine esters were determined in patients with multiple forms of acute renal failure with and without sepsis, and also before and after haemodialysis therapy. Total carnitine, free carnitine, short-chain and long-chain acylcarnitine values of both groups of acute renal failure patients were markedly elevated compared with healthy subjects and chronically uraemic patients undergoing regular haemodialysis treatment. Carnitine and carnitine esters did not differ between septic and non-septic patients before and after haemodialysis with dialysers made of cuprophane or polysulphone. Animal experiments with acutely uraemic rats were performed in order to determine whether the liver or the kidney may be responsible for elevated carnitine and carnitine esters in acute renal failure. Plasma and liver total carnitine, free carnitine, short-chain acylcarnitine and long-chain acylcarnitine were significantly elevated in sham-operated animals, and further in ureter ligated and bilateral nephrectomised rats. Skeletal muscle and heart muscle carnitine and carnitine esters remained the same as in sham-operated controls. Our data demonstrate markedly increased liver carnitine synthesis and carnitine acylation in an acute uraemic rat model even after binephrectomy and 48-h food depletion and in the presence of elevated serum carnitine concentrations. Furthermore, from our clinical study we conclude that there is no need for carnitine supplementation in patients who developed acute renal failure in the postoperative and post-traumatic state under adequate nutrition even when requiring daily haemodialysis.
Nephrol Dial Transplant 1989
PMID:Carnitine and carnitine esters in acute renal failure. 251 86

We studied the combined effect of unilateral ureteral ligation on the morphology and pathology of the contralateral kidney in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. In the diabetic group that underwent ligation of the right ureter the weight and volume of the left kidney was far greater, the tissue specific gravity far lower, while the percentage of affected glomeruli was significantly greater compared with control rats and those undergoing only ureteric ligation.
Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc Eur Ren Assoc 1985
PMID:Unilateral ureteric ligation in diabetic rats: a pathologic and morphometric study. 399 84

Forty-eight patients with strong clinical suspicion of vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) as the cause for their renal disease; were subjected to direct radionuclide cystography and roentgenographic micturating cystourethrography for its detection. Forty-four of them underwent cystoscopy under local anaesthesia to document the position and appearance of the ureteric orifices. Of the 92 kidney-ureter 'units' available for study, 20 had reflux positive on micturating cystourethrography and 22 had direct radionuclide cystography positivity. Two of the three units picked up on direct radionuclide cystography but missed on micturating cystourethrography were severe refluxes up to the renal pelvis. On the other hand, one unit missed on direct radionuclide cystography but picked up on micturating cystourethrography was a lower ureteric reflux. The sensitivity and specificity of direct radionuclide cystography to detect VUR as compared to micturating cystourethrography is 95% and 95.8% respectively. The localization and appearance of ureteric orifices which were classified as per Lyon's classification greatly enhanced the predictive value of determining past or present VUR. Patients with golf-hole orifices placed laterally had 100% incidence of reflux. Thus, combining direct radionuclide cystography with cystoscopy may enhance the predictive value for diagnosis of VUR even higher than a micturating cystourethrography study.
Nephrol Dial Transplant 1993
PMID:Comparison of direct radionuclide cystography with micturating cystourethrography for the diagnosis of vesicoureteric reflux, and its correlation with cystoscopic appearances of the ureteric orifices. 839 42

Several clinical studies have confirmed that histomorphometric changes in the tubulointerstitial compartment contain the best correlating parameters to predict the development of progressive renal insufficiency. The process of interstitial fibrosis is accompanied by an influx of inflammatory cells, up-regulation of fibrogenic cytokines such as transforming growth factor-beta and basic fibroblast growth factor, transient down-modulation of their antagonists, generation and proliferation of myofibroblasts, and, finally, by accumulation of interstitial collagens and proteoglycans. A careful morphometric analysis of interstitial fibrosis requires sensitive parameters through which the severity can be quantified and by which the progression into renal insufficiency can be predicted. We have addressed these issues by morphometric analysis of both human biopsies and by refining existing experimental models in the rat. Morphometric analysis was performed using a Zeiss microscope equipped with a full colour 3CCD camera and KS-400 image analysis software from Zeiss-Kontron. For studies with human material, biopsies were examined from patients with various renal diseases including patients with chronic allotransplant dysfunction. The development of interstitial fibrosis was correlated with clinical parameters. In experimental models, we analysed the interstitial composition and eventual glomerular alterations in rats with bovine serum albumin (BSA)-induced protein overload nephropathy and with human IgG-induced chronic serum sickness nephritis. Finally, we adapted and refined the model of ureter obstruction-induced interstitial fibrosis in the rat. For this purpose, custom-made titanium clips (S&T, Neuhaus, Switzerland) were implanted around the ureter in the abdomen of rats to obstruct the ureter without causing necrosis. The clips were removed at various time points after obstruction of the ureter (1-14 days). The subsequent remodelling of the interstitium was studied thereafter, in order to establish whether uraemia-induced interstitial fibrosis remains reversible at all times. In rat models, we have found that both protein overload-induced and serum sickness-induced interstitial fibrosis are accompanied by the development of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. Only in the ureter obstruction model did selective interstitial fibrosis develop, and remained reversible at all times studied. For the reliable assessment of interstitial fibrosis we have found that the best correlating parameters of interstitial fibrosis with renal function were: (i) the ratio of protein accumulation of TGF-beta-1 and its antagonist decorin; (ii) interstitial expression of smooth muscle alpha-actin; and (iii) accumulation of interstitial collagens (as determined by immunoperoxidase and by Sirius red staining).
Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000
PMID:Morphometry of interstitial fibrosis. 1114 98

L1, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is a cell adhesion and signal transducing molecule. In the kidney, L1 is expressed in the mesonephric duct and the metanephros throughout collecting duct development. We show that mice with a targeted deletion of the L1 gene display diverse renal malformations including (i) a duplex kidney with two ureters partially or totally separated, accompanied by hydronephrosis; and (ii) an enlarged elongated kidney with a malformed or incorrectly positioned inner medulla. The type, penetrance and severity of these phenotypes are influenced by the genetic background. The development of a duplex kidney is initiated by double ureteral budding from the Wolffian duct or by an accessory budding from the main ureter, whereas medullary malformation is due to an improper growth and branching pattern of ureteral branches. Multiple developmental defects in formation of the collecting system promote subsequent renal damage and progression to renal insufficiency. Various features of mouse ureteral duplication resemble the human congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) although disturbances of medulla development have not yet been reported in men.
Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002
PMID:Abnormal renal phenotype in L1 knockout mice: a novel cause of CAKUT. 1238 85

Ectopia of the initial ureter is the first ontogenic mis-step that leads to many congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). The ectopia results in hypoplastic kidney, ectopia of the ureteral orifice, urinary outflow obstruction and/or reflux. Recent studies on several mutant mouse models verified that ectopic ureteral budding indeed occurs prior to the formation of CAKUT. Often, the genes involved in navigating the site of ureteral budding also regulate later ontogenic processes of the kidney and other urinary tract systems. These additional functions of the genes underlie the wide spectrum of CAKUT, as the genes are expressed at multiple sites at multiple ontogenic stages, and regulate the morphogenesis of the many portions of the excretory system through their distinctive cellular functions.
Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002
PMID:Embryogenesis of the congenital anomalies of the kidney and the urinary tract. 1238 86

Kidney transplants have become common surgical procedures, with thousands performed yearly around the world. The surgical techniques for the transplant are well established and the procedure is associated with high success rates. The complication rate associated with the procedure is low, especially when compared to other abdominal organ transplants such as liver and pancreas transplants. Nonetheless, the detection, accurate diagnosis, and timely management of surgical complications occurring after kidney transplant are important tasks of the team managing these patients. A delay in the diagnosis or management of these complications can result in significant morbidity to the recipient, with risk of graft loss and mortality. Most surgical complications involve either the wound or one of the three anastomoses (renal artery, renal vein, or ureter). Examples include wound infection, renal artery or vein thrombosis, and urine leak. Most of these complications will require surgical or radiologic intervention for appropriate management.
Semin Dial
PMID:Surgical complications after kidney transplantation. 1639 14

Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are the commonest cause of chronic kidney disease in children. Structural anomalies within the CAKUT spectrum include renal agenesis, kidney hypo-/dysplasia, multicystic kidney dysplasia, duplex collecting system, posterior urethral valves and ureter abnormalities. While most CAKUT cases are sporadic, familial clustering of CAKUT is common, emphasizing a strong genetic contribution to CAKUT origin. Animal experiments demonstrate that alterations in genes crucial for kidney development can cause experimental CAKUT, while expression studies implicate mislocalization and/or aberrant levels of the encoded proteins in human CAKUT. Further insight into the pathogenesis of CAKUT will improve strategies for early diagnosis, follow-up and treatment. Here, we outline a collaborative approach to identify and characterize novel factors underlying human CAKUT. This European consortium will share the largest collection of CAKUT patients available worldwide and undertake multidisciplinary research into molecular and genetic pathogenesis, with extension into translational studies to improve long-term patient outcomes.
Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011 Dec
PMID:Novel perspectives for investigating congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). 2212 Dec 40


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