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Query: UMLS:C0403608 (ureter)
 9,655 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect on an increasing acute obstruction on the motility of the ureter was analyzed by means of X-ray videodensitometry. The mean wave velocity decreases and the efficiency of the individual contraction is reduced. The lumen of the ureter is no longer closed completely and an increasing fraction of the urine bolus flows backward. The regurgitation can be seen cineradiographically and assessed semiquantitatively by densitometry.
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PMID:Investigation of urine transport in the ureter of the pig by x-ray videodensitometry. II. The effect of an increasing obstruction on velocity, rhythm, and efficiency of the contraction waves. 127 Feb 35

The authors indicate an important role of the locking mechanism of the vesicoureteral segment in the prevention of the retrograde regurgitation of urine into the upper urinary tracts, namely vesicoureteral reflux. They pay special attention to the fact that the knowledge of the structure of the terminal part of the ureter helps select certain appliances preventing the development of the reflux. However, the known data fail to satisfy the clinicians and explain the appearance of the reflux in some cases. Therefore, the authors have undertaken an original morphological investigation of the terminal part of the ureter, observing the vesicoureteral complexes of 32 human cadavers. Micropreparation of the vesicoureteral segments was performed with the use of a 2.5-4X binocular magnifier. The study revealed a muscle previously undepicted. Regarding it as the ureter-pressing one, the authors designated it as "musculus appressor ureteris". Formed by the muscular fibres of the detrusor and situated 1-2 cm more proximal than the ostium ureteris, it arches through the submucosal segment of the ureter and is connected with the musculature of the urinary bladder on the both sides of the ureter. Its width is about 6-8 mm and its thickness is 1.5-2 mm. The authors explain its function and role by the locking system of the vesicoureteral segment, which is proved by the development of the reflux in case the ureteral ostium and the above muscle are dissected. The authors emphasize the fact that it is necessary to extremely accurately cut the anterior wall of the terminal part of the ureter.
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PMID:[The muscle compressing the ureter and its role in the closure mechanism of the ureteral-bladder segment]. 239 43

Upper urinary tract urodynamics are described through a linear deterministic chamber model. An analysis of possible urodynamic variants in vesico-ureteral reflux (VUR), using a mathematical model, has suggested that hydrodynamic situation in the refluxing ureter will be dependent on vesical and ureteral activity where ureterovesical incompetence and VUR are of similar grades. Where ureteral anatomy and function remain fairly intact, urinary regurgitation under high pressure shall be accompanied by the development of a considerable intraureteral hypertension. Besides, VUR-associated urodynamic disorder must have an obstructive component whose markedness will depend on the extent of arterial motor impairment, intravesical hypertension or a combination of the two. Urodynamic and radioisotopic studies have completely confirmed the theoretical postulations. In second- or third-degree VUR, for example, the highest intraureteral pressure developed in children with uninhibited bladder, while in fourth-degree VUR the bladder showed no response to gradual intravesical pressure rise. Urodynamic disturbance was already shown to have a functional/obstructive component in those cases of second-degree VUR where the bladder was uninhibited and be free of it in cases of normal bladder reflex and third-degree VUR.
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PMID:[Characteristics of the hydrodynamic situation in the urinary tract in vesico-ureteral reflux based on an analysis of a general type of equation of the linear transport model]. 280 72

Primary vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) is one of the more common genetic disorders. Little is yet known about the genetics of this potentially manageable childhood condition, which is characterised by regurgitation of urine from the bladder to the kidney. The VUR phenotype is associated with shortness of the submucosal segment of the ureter due to congenital lateral ectopia of the ureteric orifice. VUR is found in 30-50% of infants and young children with a urinary tract infection. A serious concern in families with an affected patient is that approximately one half of siblings or offspring will be affected, but up to a half of these affected siblings and offspring may be asymptomatic in childhood. If left untreated, these patients may present later in life with proteinuria, hypertension or renal failure. VUR is the commonest cause of end-stage renal failure in children, and an important cause in adults. As the kidney damage resulting from severe VUR is preventable, early detection is desirable. The techniques for clinical diagnosis are invasive and costly, reinforcing the importance of identification of a gene for VUR to facilitate genetic screening. Although family studies suggest a major dominant gene, the inheritance pattern is still a matter of debate. In rare instances, VUR occurs in association with other diseases, such as the coloboma-ureteric-renal syndrome, which is caused by a PAX2 gene mutation. In this review, we present evidence that this common disorder may be caused by mutations in the developmental pathway of which the PAX2 gene forms a part.
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PMID:Unravelling the genetics of vesicoureteric reflux: a common familial disorder. 887 47

Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) is a common childhood condition characterised by regurgitation of urine from the bladder to the kidney. It is the commonest cause of end stage renal failure in children and an important cause in adults. Primary VUR is often familial, suggesting that genetic factors play an important role in its aetiology. Recently, VUR was observed as part of a syndrome, involving optic nerve colobomas and renal anomalies, caused by mutations of the PAX2 gene. PAX2 is a member of the paired box family of genes and is expressed in the ureteric bud and differentiating nephrogenic mesenchyme of the developing kidney. PAX2 has been shown to play a critical role in the development of both the kidney and the ureter. The occurrence of VUR in one family with the PAX2 mutation, and the expression pattern of PAX2 in developing ureteric bud, strongly suggested that PAX2 could be the cause of primary familial VUR. Single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of 23 affected subjects in eight families with primary familial VUR showed no alterations in exons 2-5 of the PAX2 gene. In addition, a polymorphic dinucleotide repeat marker located within the PAX2 gene segregated independently of the disease trait in one large family who primarily had VUR or reflux nephropathy. These results suggest that PAX2 is not a major cause of primary familial reflux.
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PMID:Absence of PAX2 gene mutations in patients with primary familial vesicoureteric reflux. 959 33

This study was performed to validate the procedure of transarterial embolization of the renal artery (TAE-RA) using iohexol-ethanol solution in rabbits with unilateral experimental hydronephrosis and to evaluate the embolized kidney and contralateral normal kidney using B-mode ultrasonography and color Doppler ultrasonography. Experimental hydronephrosis was induced at 17 days after ligation of unilateral ureter in 13 rabbits. Renal artery embolization was performed using selective catheterization in the hydronephrotic kidney of eight rabbits and electrocardiography, oxygen saturation, body temperature, pulse, and respiratory rate were within normal ranges during procedures. Iohexol-ethanol solution was used as embolic material. Average ethanol dose for renal artery embolization was 1.4 +/- 0.7 ml/kg. There were no rabbits expired after TAE-RA and no side effects associated with regurgitation of iohexol-ethanol solution. In color Doppler ultrasonographic findings, there was no blood flow into the embolized kidneys treated by TAE-RA, however, blood flow signal was found in hydronephrotic kidney not treated by TAE-RA. Ultrasonographically, the mean longitudinal length of the embolized kidney significantly decreased at 2 and 3 months after TAE-RA. No significant difference of resistive index values was found between contralateral normal kidney of rabbits treated by TAE-RA and contralateral normal kidneys of rabbits treated with nephrectomy. We may conclude that TAE-RA with iohexol-ethanol solution is a viable alternative to nephrectomy in rabbits with unilateral hydronephrosis.
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PMID:Application of transarterial embolization of renal artery in rabbits with experimental hydronephrosis. 1223 14

Experimental infiltration of the intravesical ureter of the normal bladder in the living, anesthetized animal with magnesium sulfate or physiological salt solution caused a reflux of urine into the ureter in 6 out of 18 guinea pigs (33 per cent); in 22 out of 27 rabbits (81 per cent), and in 14 out of 17 dogs (82 per cent). The vesical pressure necessary to produce this experimental reflux is low and ranges between 2 and 12 mm. of Hg; hydrostatic pressure of the bladder contents often sufficed to drive urine into the kidney pelvis. After an experimental reflux had occurred, increased vesical pressure often failed to raise the level of the regurgitant column in the ureters of rabbit and dog: these higher pressures had rendered an incompetent valve competent. Control pressures ranging between 8 and 40 mm. of Hg without a preceding infiltration, caused no reflux in the great majority of dogs. The amount of infiltrated fluid necessary to produce reflux varied from 0.2 cc. in the guinea pig to 0.5 to 2 cc. in dog. Spontaneous regurgitation, that is regurgitation without a preceding infiltration, was seen in 4 guinea pigs, 4 rabbits and 2 dogs. Antiperistalsis of the ureters, that is a wave of contraction passing from the bladder to the kidney, was never seen in our animals with experimental reflux. Biopsy of the bladder in rabbit and dog showed edema of the ureterovesical valves after infiltration in most of our animals. Hemorrhages into the submucosa in the neighborhood of the ureteral valves were observed in some. The bladders of 3 rabbits, exhibiting spontaneous reflux without infiltration showed pouting, edematous lips of the ureterovesical orifices. The cause of experimental regurgitation is a non-obstructive edema of the vesical valve; this edema renders the valve flap more rigid and therefore incompetent at relatively low intravesical pressures. Higher intravesical pressures may again render the incompetent valve competent. The experimental results are applied to the human subject because the urinary bladder of dog and of man are quite similar in structure and function. Reasons are presented suggesting that the described type of reflux may cause pyelitis and pyelonephritis.
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PMID:EXPERIMENTAL LOCAL BLADDER EDEMA CAUSING URINE REFLUX INTO URETER AND KIDNEY. 1987 Jun 95

We report an uncommon but emerging fungal pathogen, Candida kefyr, as a causative agent of infective endocarditis in a patient with a known history of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. A 74-year-old woman with diabetes type II, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, presented with gross hematuria and abdominal pain. Computed tomography scan revealed a hemorrhagic mass in the superior pole of the right kidney, with a thrombus extending from the ureter to the bladder. She underwent cryotherapy of the renal mass, together with retrograde ureteral stent placement, developed hypotension and respiratory distress, spiked high-grade fever, and had a new pansystolic murmur over the mitral and aortic areas. Urine and blood culture grew C. kefyr. Transthoracic echocardiogram revealed large mitral valve vegetation with moderate regurgitation. Micafungin was started, patient responded, and fungemia cleared. Repeat echocardiogram showed small vegetation, preserved leaflet mobility and mild regurgitation. Patient received 10 days of micafungin, followed by 6 weeks of fluconazole.
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PMID:Candida kefyr endocarditis in a patient with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. 2008 70

OBJECTIVE To determine the rate of and factors associated with survival to hospital discharge in dogs with uroabdomen. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 43 dogs with uroabdomen confirmed at 2 veterinary teaching hospitals from 2006 through 2015. PROCEDURES Medical records were reviewed and data extracted regarding cause and location of urinary tract rupture, serum creatinine concentration and other variables at hospital admission, and outcomes. Variables were tested for associations with survival to hospital discharge. RESULTS Urinary tract rupture occurred in the urinary bladder (n = 24 [56%]), urethra (11 [26%]), kidney (2 [5%]), ureter (1 [2%]), both the urinary bladder and kidney (1 [2%]), and undetermined sites (4 [9%]). Rupture causes included traumatic (20 [47%]), obstructive (9 [21%]), and iatrogenic (7 [16%]) or were unknown (7 [16%]). Surgery was performed for 37 (86%) dogs; the defect was identified and surgically corrected in 34 (92%) of these dogs. Hypotension was the most common intraoperative complication. Nineteen dogs had information recorded on postoperative complications, of which 10 (53%) had complications that most often included death (n = 3) and regurgitation (3). Thirty-four (79%) dogs survived to hospital discharge. Dogs with intraoperative or postoperative complications were significantly less likely to survive than dogs without complications. Serum creatinine concentration at admission was not associated with survival to discharge. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A high proportion of dogs with uroabdomen survived to hospital discharge. No preoperative risk factors for nonsurvival were identified. Treatment should be recommended to owners of dogs with uroabdomen.
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PMID:Outcomes in dogs with uroabdomen: 43 cases (2006-2015). 2924 9