Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0403608 (ureter)
 9,655 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Metastatic carcinoma to the testis is unusual. There are only seven previously reported cases in which a testicular mass was the first clinical manifestation of an underlying malignancy. The authors review 127 cases in which the testis was involved by metastatic carcinoma, and describe an additional two patients in whom a malignant testicular mass was the presenting sign of an underlying nontesticular carcinoma. The tumors most commonly reported to metastasize to the testis are: prostate (45 cases), lung (25 cases), melanoma (12 cases), colon (11 cases), kidney (10 cases), stomach (6 cases), and pancreas (5 cases). Neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, carcinoid tumor, and cancers of the bile duct, ureter, bladder, salivary gland, and thyroid have also involved the testis secondarily. Nineteen patients (15%) had bilateral testicular metastases. Patients with secondary testicular neoplasms were older in general than those with germ cell tumors (mean, 55 years; median, 57 years). Histologically, the presence of extensive lymphatic and vascular invasion and an interstitial pattern, in which the seminiferous tubules are spared, is suggestive of a metastasis. In four of the nine cases (44%) in which testicular enlargement was the first manifestation of an underlying carcinoma the correct pathologic diagnosis was initially missed. Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) are occasionally elevated in patients with nontesticular primary tumors, but markedly elevated levels in young patients suggest a nonseminomatous germ cell tumor, as does positive immunoperoxidase staining for AFP and HCG.
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PMID:Metastatic carcinoma involving the testis. Clinical and pathologic distinction from primary testicular neoplasms. 620 34

The neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) gene is considered a tumor-suppressor gene whose product acts upstream of ras. The ras gene is an oncogene very commonly detected in human cancers and consists of three families, H-ras, K-ras and N-ras. These genes are converted to active oncogenes by point mutations in codon 12, 13, or 61. Examination was made of the mutations of these genes in 39 urothelial malignant tumors (31 bladder cancer, 6 renal pelvic tumor, and 2 ureter tumors) using polymerase chain reaction single-stranded conformation polymorphism and direct sequencing methods. Three of 39 (7.7%) cases showed mobility shifts in the ras family gene but no point mutations in NF1 and N-ras genes could be detected. Mutations were found in 1 case in H-ras at codon 13 (GGT-GTT/GGT) and K-ras at codon 12 in 2 cases (GGT-GCT/GGT, GGT-GTT/GGT). All 3 cases had progressed far beyond grade 2 and stage pT2. It follows from the above that NF1 and ras gene mutations are infrequent in the pathogenesis of urothelial tumors.
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PMID:Infrequent involvement of mutations on neurofibromatosis type 1, H-ras, K-ras and N-ras in urothelial tumors. 853 97

We performed retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) on 14 patients (IIA: 1, IIB: 4, IIIA: 3, IIIB2: 2, IIIC: 4) with testicular and one with retroperitoneal germ cell tumor at the Nagoya University Hospital between 1986 and 1997. According to the international germ cell consensus classification, 4 patients were classified as "good-prognosis", three as "intermediate-prognosis" and eight as "poor-prognosis". RPLND was performed on 12 patients with the tumor marker levels normalized preoperatively and on three without the marker normalization. The mean surgical time was 510 (195-1, 125) minutes and the mean bleeding volume was 3,806 (100-12,598) g. The surgical time and bleeding volume were correlated with the size of the tumor in the body axis. Intraoperative complications occurred in 5 (33%) out of 15 patients: injury of renal artery (2), renal vein (1), ureter (1) and common iliac artery (2). Postoperative complications occurred in 2 patients: ileus (2) and lower extremity edema resulting from resection of the inferior vena cava (1) and would dehiscence (1). Of the 8 patients whose completely resected retroperitoneal tumors were necrosis/fibrosis or teratoma (psCR), 6 achieved survival with no evidence of disease (NED). Among 4 patients, whose tumor was not completely resected but pathologically diagnosed as necrosis/fibrosis or teratoma (pCR), NED without recurrence was achieved in 2 and also in one with resection of relapsed teratoma 2.5 years after RPLND. All three patients with cancer tissues pathologically retained in the resected tumors (sCR or psIR), consequently died of the disease. In six patients with relapse, the initial sign was elevation of the tumor marker levels, which was noted more than 30 days postoperatively in 2 patients with psCR and 7 to 15 days in 4 patients without psCR. We believe that RPLND is needed to examine the pathology and to predict the prognosis of the poor-risk patients with NSGCT. Careful dissection of vessels is needed to reduce vascular complications.
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PMID:[Clinical study of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for patients with advanced germ cell tumors]. 1021 81