Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0403608 (ureter)
 9,655 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Human genital skin fibroblasts contain both the full-length 110 K androgen receptor protein (AR-B, apparent M(r) approximately 110,000) and an 87 K N-terminally truncated AR isoform (AR-A, apparent M(r) approximately 87,000). These two AR species are structurally analogous to the A- and B-isoforms of the progesterone receptor (PR). We examined the distribution pattern of human AR isoforms in a variety of fetal and adult tissues by Western blot analysis. Relative levels of immunoreactive AR proteins in high salt tissue extracts were estimated by densitometry in comparison to a standard normal genital skin fibroblast preparation. High AR levels (AR-A + AR-B = 0.8-7.7) were present in male and female reproductive tissues from mid-trimester fetuses, including penis, prostate, testis, epididymis, scrotal skin, labial skin, uterus/cervix, and ovary. AR-A and AR-B (0.08-0.9) also were found in 14 non-genital fetal tissues (bladder, fat, lung, great vessel, trachea, muscle, scalp skin, kidney, thyroid, intestine, thymus, ureter, stomach and rectum). AR-A accounted for 4-26% of the AR protein detected in these tissues. Ten other fetal tissues had low levels of AR-B (0.02-0.3) and little or no detectable AR-A. AR-B also was the predominant or only immunoreactive AR species found in 17 adult human tissues. AR levels in adult reproductive tissues (prostate, endometrium, ovary, uterus, fallopian tube, testis, seminal vesicle, myometrium, and ejaculatory duct) ranged from 0.1 to 2.2. Immunoreactive AR (0.4-0.8) also was present in specimens of prostate carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma and kidney. Lower levels of AR (0.03-0.1) were detected in adult breast, colon, lung and adrenal gland specimens. This study demonstrates that immunoreactive AR protein is present in a wide variety of human fetal and adult tissues and that two AR isoforms are expressed in many tissues.
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PMID:A and B forms of the androgen receptor are expressed in a variety of human tissues. 880 38

A fistula between the ureter and uterus is a rare disorder in obstetric practice. After reviewing available literature, we found only 27 published cases. We add our own case to this interesting surgical entity. Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are presented.
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PMID:Obstetric ureterouterine fistula: a case report. 906 52

Eleven patients with stage IA2-IIA carcinoma of the cervix have been treated by combined laparoscopic-vaginal radical hysterectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy (3-Stage IA2, 5-stage IB, 3-Stage IIA). The patients were unselected. Three patients had bulky (&gte; 5 cms) tumors, one of whom weighed 239 lbs; one had prior anterior-posterior repair, was apareunic and had significant vaginal narrowing; two patients had extensive pelvic adhesions, one of whom also had a 480 gram uterus. Pelvic lymph node metastases were present in one patient and paracervical lymph node metastases in one. The technique used has undergone significant modification. The laparoscopic phase of the procedure contributes much more to the operation than the lymphadenectomy for it allows a symbiotic partitioning of the operation into the laparoscopic and vaginal components. Only those steps of the operation are carried out vaginally that are easier to perform from below (division of the uterosacral and cardinal ligaments, unroofing of the ureter), and they are made much easier by the preceding laparoscopic phase of the operation. Laparoscopic development of the para-vesical and para-rectal spaces makes vaginal entry into these spaces very straightforward, and laparoscopic division of the uterine artery facilitates vaginal unroofing of the ureter. By allowing the proximal ureter to be freed from the medial leaf of the broad ligament, and the proximal attachments and blood supply of the uterus to be divided, the laparoscopic phase of the operation also permits the cervical ligaments to be divided before the ureters are freed from the vesico-cervical ligament, which helps to avoid a Schuchardt incision in most patients.
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PMID:Laparoscopic-Vaginal Radical Hysterectomy 907 93

From June 1993 through September 1993, we had performed four cases of laparoscopic radical hysterectomy. All these patients had early cervical squamous cell carcinoma of less than 4 cm in diameter. We first developed the left paravesical and pararectal space with the suction-irrigator probe and Endoretractor (Autosure, USA). Then we desiccated the left uterine artery at its origin. The left ureter was dissected from the point it enters the pelvis to the ureteric canal. The left cardinal ligament was completely divided twice by the EndoGIA (Autosuture, USA). The rectovaginal space was opened and the uterosacral ligament was transected by electrosurgery. The left ureter was dissected and unroofed to the point it enters the bladder with Endodissector and electrosurgery. The left paracolpos was divided by EndoGIA. The same procedures were repeated on the right side. The anterior and posterior colpotomy could be done by monopolar electrosurgery but they were deferred until the lymph node dissection was completed. Finally, we did pelvic lymph node dissection and colpotomy, after which we removed the uterus through the vagina. We closed the vaginal cuff from below. The operation time ranged from 5.5 to 8 hours. The blood loss ranged from 150 to 500 ml. The lymph nodes dissected ranged from seven to nine in number. The parametrium removed was 3.5 x 2.5 x 2 cm on average. The vaginal cuff removed was at least 2 cm in length. The patients recovered quickly and the hospital stay was shorter than that needed for those patients undergoing traditional abdominal radical hysterectomy. In conclusion, we think the preliminary results were satisfactory. More experience is needed to answer the question of whether laparoscopic radical hysterectomy can be an alternative to traditional abdominal radical hysterectomy in some selected cases.
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PMID:Laparoscopic Radical Hysterectomy: A Preliminary Experience 907 62

A systematic search for neuroendocrine (NE) cells in the urogenital organs of the pig was carried out by means of Linder's argyrophil method and immunohistochemical techniques. The occurrence, distribution and immunohistochemical character of NE cells (paraneurons) were studied in the vaginal vestibulum, vagina, uterus, oviduct, ovary, urethra, urinary bladder and ureter. In the vestibular glands paraneurons were found to be the most numerous, while a moderate number of these cells occurred in the uterine horn and in the urethra. A distinctly smaller number of paraneurons was present in the oviduct and only occasional NE cells were observed in the urinary bladder. Immunohistochemistry was performed by using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase procedure. Different subpopulations of paraneurons were distinguishable. Chromogranin A-positive paraneurons were found in the vestibular glands, uterine horns, oviducts, urethra and urinary bladder. Somatostatin positivity was observed in NE cells of the vestibular gland, uterine horn, oviduct and urethra. The subpopulation of serotonin-positive paraneurons was present in the vestibular gland and urethra. Bombesin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, cholecystokinin, substance P, nitric oxide synthase, beta-endorphin, insulin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin and thyroid-stimulating hormone antibodies gave negative reactions in the studied NE cells.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine cells in the female urogenital tract of the pig, and their immunohistochemical characterization. 909 38

We isolated a rat homolog of thromboxane (TX) synthase cDNA (-1.8 kb) from the kidney with a fragment of human TX synthase cDNA amplified by polymerase chain reaction with placenta cDNA as a template. Northern blot analysis has shown that rat TX synthase gene is expressed abundantly in lung, liver, and uterus; moderately in kidney. TX synthase mRNA expression was up-regulated in hydronephrotic kidney made by ureter ligation. In conclusion, we have revealed the structure of rat kidney TX synthase. Up-regulation of renal TX synthase, which may cause stimulation of TX synthesis, is possibly implicated in the tissue injury in hydronephrotic kidney.
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PMID:Rat kidney thromboxane synthase: cDNA cloning and gene expression regulation in hydronephrotic kidney. 926 62

Smooth muscle cells (SMC) of the vascular wall, bladder, myometrium, and gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts retain the ability to proliferate postnatally, which enables adaptive responses to injury, hormonal, or mechanical stimulation. SMC growth is regulated by a number of mesenchymal growth factors, including insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). To explore the function of IGF-I on SMC in vivo, the mouse SMC alpha-actin promoter fragment SMP8 (-1074 bp, 63 bp of 5'UT and 2.5 kb of intron 1) was cloned upstream of rat IGF-I cDNA, and the fusion gene microinjected to fertilized eggs of the FVB-N mouse strain. Mating of hemizygous mice with controls produced about 50% transgenic offspring, with equal sex distribution. Transgenic IGF-I mRNA expression was confined to SMC-containing tissues, with the following hierarchy: bladder > stomach > aorta = uterus > intestine. There was no transgene expression in skeletal muscle, heart, or liver. Radioimmunoassayable IGF-I content was increased by 3.5- to 4-fold in aorta, and by almost 10-fold in bladder of transgenic mice at 5 and 10 wk, with no change in plasma IGF-I levels. Wet weight of bladder, stomach, intestine, uterus, and aorta was selectively increased, with no change in total body or carcass weight of transgenic animals. In situ hybridization showed that transgene expression was exquisitely targeted to the smooth muscle layers of the arteries, veins, bladder, ureter, stomach, intestine, and uterus. Paracrine overproduction of IGF-I resulted in hyperplasia of the muscular layers of these tissues, manifesting in remarkably different phenotypes in the various SMC beds. Whereas the muscular layer of the bladder and stomach exhibited a concentric thickening, the SMC of the intestine and uterus grew in a longitudinal fashion, resulting in a marked lengthening of the small bowel and of the uterine horns. This report describes the first successful targeting of expression of any functional protein capable of modifying the phenotype of SMC in transgenic mice. IGF-I stimulates SMC hyperplasia, leading to distinct patterns of organ remodeling in the different tissue environments.
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PMID:Targeted overexpression of IGF-I evokes distinct patterns of organ remodeling in smooth muscle cell tissue beds of transgenic mice. 929 8

We have encountered a 23-year-old pregnant woman with macrohematuria, which occurred from the 8th or 9th week of gestation. Blood pressure and renal function were normal during the total course of pregnancy. Macrohematuria did not disappear after childbirth. Cystoscopy was conducted and the excretion of hematuria from the left ureter was confirmed. Therefore, a left renal venogram was performed although abdominal ultrasonography and CT scanning showed no abnormality. There were two branches of the left renal vein (LRV), such as the anterior and posterior branch. The pressure gradient was 4.4 cm H2O between the anterior branch of LRV and the inferior vena cava (i.v.c.). However, a significant pressure gradient (6.6 cm H2O) was demonstrated between the posterior branch of the LRV and IVC. From these findings we diagnosed this patient as venous hypertension in the posterior branch of the left renal vein (= posterior Nutcracker syndrome, PNS). Enlargement of the uterus in pregnancy might not be important in the occurrence of PNS because macrohematuria was observed from the 8th or 9th week of gestation. Functional hemodynamic change in pregnancy might cause a widening of the diameter or a shift of the aorta, that might result in compression of the posterior branch of the left renal vein. Persistence of macrohematuria after childbirth might have been due to irreversible hemodynamic alteration by the development of co-lateral circulation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of PNS occurring in pregnancy.
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PMID:[A case of posterior nutcracker syndrome occurring in pregnancy]. 948 45

A 79-year-old woman was admitted with recurrent ureteral and bladder cancers. She had a horseshoe kidney with a non-functioning right renal unit. Fifteen months earlier, multiple urothelial tumors had first developed in the left upper ureter and bladder. Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TUR-Bt) and partial ureterectomy (2 cm) had been performed. Presently, the recurrent tumors were located at the left lower ureter and bladder. Considering the high age of the patient, TUR-Bt and partial ureterectomy (5 cm) were performed. Besides urothelial cancers, she had been operated for carcinomas of the colon, uterus and stomach. Kidney-sparing therapy has successfully maintained her quality of life.
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PMID:[Kidney-sparing surgery for recurrent ureteral and bladder cancers in an aged patient with functionally solitary horseshoe kidney]. 954 30

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has been postulated to function as a smooth muscle cell (SMC) mitogen and to play a role in the pathogenesis of bladder hypertrophy, estrogen-induced uterine growth, and restenosis after arterial angioplasty. IGF-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) inhibits IGF-I action in vitro and is the most abundant IGFBP in the rodent arterial wall. To explore the function of this binding protein in vivo, transgenic mouse lines were developed harboring fusion genes consisting of a rat IGFBP-4 complementary DNA cloned downstream of either a -724 bp fragment of the mouse smooth muscle alpha-actin 5'-flanking region (SMP2-BP-4) or -1074 bp, 63 bp of 5'-untranslated region, and 2.5 kb of intron 1 of smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMP8-BP-4). SMP2-BP-4 mice expressed low levels of the exogenous IGFBP-4 messenger RNA (mRNA), which was not specifically targeted to SMC-rich tissue environments, and were therefore not analyzed further. Six SMP8-BP-4 transgenic lines derived from separate founders were characterized. Mating of hemizygous SMP8-BP-4 mice with controls produced about 50% transgenic offspring, with equal sex distribution. Expression of IGFBP-4 mRNA in nontransgenic littermates was maximal in liver and kidney. By contrast, transgenic IGFBP-4 mRNA expression, distinguished because of a smaller transcript size, was confined to SMC-containing tissues, with the following hierarchy: bladder > aorta > stomach = uterus. There was no transgene expression in skeletal muscle, brain, or cardiac myocytes. The abundance of IGFBP-4 measured by Western ligand blotting or by immunoblotting, was 8- to 10-fold higher in aorta and bladder of SMP8-BP-4 mice than in their nontransgenic littermates, with no change in plasma IGFBP-4 levels. Transgenic mice exhibited a significant reduction in wet weight of SMC-rich tissues, including bladder, intestine, aorta, uterus, and stomach, with no change in total body or carcass weight. In situ hybridization showed that transgene expression was targeted exclusively to the muscular layers of the arteries, veins, bladder, ureter, stomach, intestine, and uterus. Overexpression of IGFBP-4 was associated with SMC hypoplasia, a reciprocal phenotype to that of transgenic mice overexpressing IGF-I under control of the same promoter (SMP8-IGF-I). Double transgenic mice derived from mating SMP8-BP-4 with SMP8-IGF-I animals showed a modest decrease in wet weight at selected SMC tissues. Although we cannot exclude that the effects of IGFBP-4 may be IGF independent, these data suggest that IGFBP-4 is a functional antagonist of IGF-I action on SMC in vivo.
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PMID:Overexpression of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) in smooth muscle cells of transgenic mice through a smooth muscle alpha-actin-IGFBP-4 fusion gene induces smooth muscle hypoplasia. 956 77


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