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Query: UMLS:C0403608 (ureter)
 9,655 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This review describes and illustrates the radiologic techniques, normal anatomy, and common congenital and acquired lesions of the urethra in men and women. Voiding cystourethrography and retrograde urethrography are the most common imaging modalities employed in the diagnosis of anatomic lesions of the urethra. The appearance of the urethra may then dictate the need for further functional evaluation with urodynamic studies. Congenital lesions in men include posterior and anterior urethral valves and duplicated urethra. In women, ectopic insertion of the ureter into the urethra is the usual congenital lesion. Acquired urethral lesions include benign prostatic hypertrophy in men and strictures and diverticula in both men and women.
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PMID:Imaging the urethra in men and women. 161 69

Axons within the hypogastric nerve (HGN) provide sympathetic innervation to various tissues of the pelvic viscera (e.g. bladder, urethra, ureter, colon and sexual organs). Traditionally the HGN was considered to carry efferent impulses from the lumbar spinal cord to the periphery and afferent information from the periphery to the lumbar cord. In recent years however, there have been a number of reports of axons in the hypogastric nerve carrying impulses in directions opposite to these traditional ones. To further study this phenomenon fast blue dye was applied to the distal (or for comparison the proximal) stump of one transected hypogastric nerve and the locations of retrogradely labelled neurons determined in the spinal cord, the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), the sympathetic chain ganglia and the major pelvic ganglia (MPG). Labelled neurons were found in the spinal cord only for proximal stump dips. Labelled DRG neurons were mainly located in the L6-S1 ganglia when dye was applied to the distal stump, and mainly in the L1-L2 ganglia for proximal stump dips. The distribution profile of labelled sympathetic chain neurons was shifted caudally about one segment when the distal stump was dipped compared to the distribution obtained following a proximal stump dip. Labelled neurons were found contralateral to the dipped distal stump in all categories although in reduced numbers. More labelled neurons were found in male animals than in female animals. Fast blue in neurons in the DRGs and sympathetic chain labelled from the distal HGN reached these structures via the pelvic nerves. Labelled MPG neurons were found when the distal stump was dipped. Labelled MPG neurons were larger in the male than in the female. These fast blue labelled MPG neurons were also tested immunohistochemically for the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Labelled neurons which were TH+ were only found in the male; labelled neurons which were NPY+ or VIP+ were found in males and in females.
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PMID:Neurons labelled after the application of tracer to the distal stump of the transected hypogastric nerve in the rat. 176 22

This is a report of the fifth case of pelvic lipomatosis in Japan. A 52-year-old man presented himself in our hospital with a complaint of left lower abdominal pain on August 28, 1988. At that time, physical examination was unremarkable with the exception of mild obesity. The excretory urogram and retrograde pyelogram revealed left hydroureteronephrosis with tapering of the left lower ureter. Urethrocystogram showed an elongated posterior urethra with anterior displacement and elevation of the bladder. Computed tomography revealed excess of diffuse fatty tissue in the pelvic space with bladder deformity and rectal compression. Pelvic arteriogram demonstrated no neovascularity. A diagnosis of pelvic lipomatosis was established. He lost 6 kg by diet therapy. Left lower abdominal pain disappeared, but excretory urogram after eight months showed no changes.
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PMID:[A case of pelvic lipomatosis]. 185 93

Endoluminal sonography of the urinary tract was performed by using endoluminal ultrasound transducers contained within 2-mm-diameter catheters. The catheters were inserted into the urinary bladder via the urethra and advanced into the ureters and renal pelvis under cystoscopic control; then, cross-sectional images of the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis were obtained. Two dogs and seven human patients were studied. In one dog, a 4.5-mm pseudopolyp, which was surgically created in the bladder wall, was successfully imaged; in the other, stones 2 mm or larger inserted into the bladder were identified. Of the seven patients, sonography showed stones embedded in the renal parenchyma (one patient) and the mucosa of the distal ureter (one patient). These were ultimately confirmed by their eventual removal. In a third, sonography showed a tumor of the distal ureter and identified the depth of the tumor. This was confirmed by biopsy. In a fourth, sonography clearly showed a crossing vessel as the cause for narrowing of the proximal ureter. In a fifth, sonography showed that the cause of a ureteral stricture was idiopathic. In the last two cases, sonography did not reveal a cause for hematuria. In these last three cases, negative sonographic results were confirmed by direct ureteroscopic examinations and follow-up studies. Our observations based on this limited study suggest that endoluminal sonography is a useful procedure for diagnosing diseases of the urinary tract. Further study is warranted.
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PMID:Endoluminal sonography of the urinary tract: preliminary observations. 189 78

In a sample of 306 patients with superficial bladder tumors (Ta, Tl), 48 were affected by associated carcinoma in situ (TIS). We included 40 of them in a random program with Mitomycin C or Adriamycin, administered endovesically. We found that those patients with associated TIS whose progression rate had increased to 37.1% compared to 8.8% in the original series (p less than 0.01), had a worse prognosis. Besides, 10 of them required radical cystectomy. With this chemotherapy program, we achieved a high rate of complete response (70%), but its duration was limited by a recurrence rate of 42.9%, with a time free of disease of 26.2 months. In the whole group, the survival rate free of disease was 77.5%, with an average follow-up of 37.3 months. On the other hand, we found extravesical recurrences not only in the prostatic urethra (13; 32.5%) but also at the end of the ureter (3; 7.5%).
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PMID:Carcinoma in situ associated with superficial bladder tumor. 190 18

Forty patients with carcinoma in situ of the bladder were reviewed. They included 15 patients with primary carcinoma in situ, 8 with secondary carcinoma in situ and 17 with concurrent carcinoma in situ. Twenty-one (66%) of 32 patients with primary or concurrent carcinoma in situ complained of urinary frequency and pain on urination, whereas no patients with secondary carcinoma in situ complained of such symptoms. Nearly all patients with concurrent or secondary carcinoma in situ had gross hematuria, whereas only 7 (47%) of 15 patients with primary carcinoma in situ had gross hematuria. Two patients without any symptoms were diagnosed by incidental positive urinary cytology. Concurrent carcinoma in situ was always associated with multiple papillary tumor. Dominant grade of the papillary tumor was classified as grade 3 in 11 patients and as grade 2 in 6. The simultaneous presence of carcinoma in situ of the urethra was found in 13 (46%) patients and those of the ureter in 17 (74%). Fourteen patients (35%) with carcinoma in situ developed an invasive carcinoma. Of these, 4 (10%) died of cancer. Bacillus calmette-guerin instillation was effective in 13 of 15 patients (87%). These results indicate that carcinoma in situ of the bladder may develop an invasive cancer, may remain in the epithelia, or may be associated with multiple superficial tumor. It should be emphasized that patients with multiple superficial bladder tumor may be associated with carcinoma in situ even if the superficial tumors are of low grade and urine cytology is negative.
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PMID:[The progress pattern of carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder]. 192 Oct 16

Miniature transducer-containing catheters (6 French 20 MHz and 9 French 12.5 MHz) have been inserted into the urethra, urinary bladder, ureter and renal pelvis. Real-time 360 degrees cross sectional ultrasound images were obtained delineating a variety of normal and abnormal structures in both animal models and humans. With this approach it was possible to measure wall thickness as well as adjacent external structures such as blood vessels, lymph nodes and muscle. It was possible to diagnose a variety of abnormalities including embedded stones in the ureter and renal pelvis, crossing blood vessels producing compression of the ureter and tumors within the urinary bladder and ureter. In addition, these transducer-containing catheters show promise in assisting in tumor staging and biopsy guidance. These specially developed transducer-containing catheters, intended originally for placement in blood vessels, show great promise in becoming important new tools in a wide variety of non-vascular lumina and surgically created openings in many areas of the body. From our initial results we can already predict that non-vascular endoluminal ultrasound will assume an important role in the evaluation of a variety of urologic abnormalities.
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PMID:Endoluminal urologic ultrasound. 194 36

Certain microorganisms have a propensity for causing urinary tract infection, and the route (either ascending or hematogenous) by which microorganisms contaminate the urinary tract from external sources is frequently characteristic of the microorganism. There are local defense mechanisms both in the urine and at each anatomic site in the urinary tract (urethra, bladder, ureter, and kidney). The defense mechanisms at one site may have opposing effects on microbial growth at other sites in the urinary tract. The outcome following entrance of microorganisms into the urinary tract is a result of competing forces, which consist of these local urinary defense mechanisms, the initial numbers of microorganisms contaminating the urinary tract, and microbial virulence factors.
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PMID:Host defense mechanisms in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection. 199 33

The evaluation of anomalies of the lower urinary tract (ureter, bladder, and urethra) requires high quality ultrasonography, voiding cystourethrography, and, occasionally, intravenous urography and contrast sinography. Infants with these anomalies present because of abnormal intrauterine ultrasonographic examinations, urinary tract infections, or obvious external malformations. With a solid embryologic knowledge of the development of the lower urinary tract the radiologist can tailor the imaging procedures to demonstrate almost all aspects of the anomaly and the presence or absence of frequently associated malformations.
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PMID:Radiographic manifestations of congenital anomalies of the lower urinary tract. 199 57

I investigated the biochemical (Bmax, KD) and functional (contractile force) characteristics of autonomic receptors in the 1-day-old rabbit urinary tract smooth muscle, and compared the data obtained to those already reported in adult rabbits. The rank order of the receptor densities in neonatal rabbits are dome greater than base greater than urethra greater than ureter for alpha 1 (3H-PZ), ureter greater than urethra greater than base greater than dome for alpha 2 (3H-YOH), dome greater than base greater than urethra greater than ureter for beta (3H-DHA) and dome greater than base greater than urethra greater than ureter for muscarinic (3H-QNB). Unlike the findings in the adult rabbit, there is a much larger number of functional muscarinic receptors in the bladder dome and a much smaller number of functional alpha 1-receptors in the urethra of neonatal rabbits. The differences observed in the pattern of distribution of these receptors between neonatal and adult urinary tracts may play a determinant role in the physiological development of the urinary system.
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PMID:[Biochemical and functional characteristics of autonomic receptors in neonatal urinary tract smooth muscle]. 204 1


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