Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0403608 (ureter)
 9,655 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The retinoblastoma (RB) gene was the first tumor suppressor gene isolated and its inactivation is associated with the pathogenesis of several types of human cancer. In this study, we investigated the involvement of the RB gene in bladder and renal cell carcinomas by determining the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the RB locus and by DNA, RNA, and protein analysis of the RB gene. Whenever possible, the latter included Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining of the RB protein. In bladder carcinoma, 2 of the 8 cell lines we studied had an inactivated RB gene; one cell line lacked RB expression without a gross RB deletion, whereas the other cell line expressed only the underphosphorylated form of the RB protein. None of 16 low-grade noninvasive bladder carcinomas showed an alteration in RB protein by direct Western blot analysis, whereas 2 of 14 high-grade, invasive tumors had no RB protein as measured by both Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. This suggests that the loss of RB function may be more important in the progression of bladder cancer than in its initiation, although more extensive studies are required. LOH within the RB locus was observed in 5 of 27 informative cases of primary bladder, ureter, or renal pelvis carcinoma. However, none of the 5 cases with LOH at the RB locus had a functional loss of RB protein expression. In renal cell carcinoma, one of the 12 cell lines had a gross homozygous deletion of the RB gene, and 2 of 32 primary tumors were negative for RB protein expression. LOH at the RB locus also was found in only 2 of 30 informative cases, one of which lacked RB expression. These results are the first to demonstrate the involvement of RB inactivation in the development of advanced primary bladder carcinoma and suggest that RB loss could have a role in certain renal cell carcinomas. Our data, however, show no correlation between LOH at the RB locus in bladder cancer and actual inactivation of the RB gene at the protein level. This may suggest that there is a second tumor suppressor or recessive cancer gene on chromosome 13 in bladder cancer and/or that the mechanism of RB inactivation in bladder cancer frequently involves independent mutations of each RB allele.
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PMID:Inactivation of the retinoblastoma gene in human bladder and renal cell carcinomas. 191 92

Metastatic carcinoma to the testis is unusual. There are only seven previously reported cases in which a testicular mass was the first clinical manifestation of an underlying malignancy. The authors review 127 cases in which the testis was involved by metastatic carcinoma, and describe an additional two patients in whom a malignant testicular mass was the presenting sign of an underlying nontesticular carcinoma. The tumors most commonly reported to metastasize to the testis are: prostate (45 cases), lung (25 cases), melanoma (12 cases), colon (11 cases), kidney (10 cases), stomach (6 cases), and pancreas (5 cases). Neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, carcinoid tumor, and cancers of the bile duct, ureter, bladder, salivary gland, and thyroid have also involved the testis secondarily. Nineteen patients (15%) had bilateral testicular metastases. Patients with secondary testicular neoplasms were older in general than those with germ cell tumors (mean, 55 years; median, 57 years). Histologically, the presence of extensive lymphatic and vascular invasion and an interstitial pattern, in which the seminiferous tubules are spared, is suggestive of a metastasis. In four of the nine cases (44%) in which testicular enlargement was the first manifestation of an underlying carcinoma the correct pathologic diagnosis was initially missed. Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) are occasionally elevated in patients with nontesticular primary tumors, but markedly elevated levels in young patients suggest a nonseminomatous germ cell tumor, as does positive immunoperoxidase staining for AFP and HCG.
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PMID:Metastatic carcinoma involving the testis. Clinical and pathologic distinction from primary testicular neoplasms. 620 34

Immunohistochemical staining of urothelial tumours using paraffin-embedded tissue blocks was performed for p53 and Retinoblastoma (RB) proteins, to characterize any correlation with sensitivity to hyperthermia treatment. Seventeen patients with primary urothelial tumours (16 of the bladder and one of the ureter) treated at our institute between July, 1987 and March, 1993 were included in this study; tissues investigated consisted of 16 transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) (6 Grade2 (G2), 6 G3, 2 G2 > G3, 1 G3 > squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 1 undifferentiated carcinoma > G3), and 1 SCC. One case was Tis, 4, 3, 1, and 4, were T1 to T4, respectively, and 4 were post-cystectomy. Clinically, in terms of response to treatment, there were four complete response (CR) cases, four partial response (PR) cases, six no change (NC) cases, and three progressive disease (PD) cases, the total in which treatment was effective thus accounting for approximately half of those examined (CR + PR, 47%). Immunohistochemically, six of eight pre-hyperthermia lesions which demonstrated positive staining for RB were CRs or PRs, 75% of which were high-grade lesions, and 50% exhibited invasion and lymph node metastasis. Only three in total were positive for p53 staining, two of which were T4 and these both responded to treatment. The results suggested that RB gene expression may be related to heat sensitivity to some degree.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical evaluation of p53 and retinoblastoma proteins in relation to hyperthermia treatment: results in human urothelial carcinomas. 895 Jan 61