Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0393754 (HSA)
 2,996 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Active targeting of muramyl dipeptide (MDP) to macrophages was studied by conjugation with the neoglycoprotein, mannosyl human serum albumin (mannose-HSA) using visceral leishmaniasis as the model macrophage disease. Conjugation did not decrease the affinity of the neoglycoprotein for macrophage mannose receptor. Mannose-HSA-MDP was 50 times more efficient than free MDP in inhibiting the growth of Leishmania donovani inside peritoneal macrophages. Moreover, in a 60-day murine model of visceral leishmaniasis, 95% of the spleen parasite burden was reduced by mannose-HSA-MDP at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day given for 4 days. Free MDP at a similar dose had very little effect. In vitro exposure of MDP caused enhanced generation of O2- by macrophages, whereas generation of nitric oxide (NO) was not induced. The elevated antileishmanial activity of MDP-treated macrophages in culture was abrogated by O2- scavengers. In contrast, considerably enhanced amounts of NO and O2- were generated from macrophages of mannose-HSA-MDP-treated animals, and their splenocytes secreted soluble factors providing all the signals required for the induction of NO biosynthesis. The increase in NO production was paralleled by a concomitant increase in antileishmanial activity, which was reversed by NO synthesis inhibitors. Splenocyte supernatants treated with anti-IFN-gamma or anti-TNF-alpha Abs suppressed inducible NO generation by macrophages. Moreover, i.v. administration of anti-IFN-gamma and anti-TNF-alpha along with mannose-HSA-MDP greatly reduced protection against L. donovani infection. Neoglycoprotein-conjugated MDP, therefore, activated mouse macrophages in vivo to kill L. donovani, and this may depend on the physiologic generation of NO induced by IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha.
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PMID:Protective effect of neoglycoprotein-conjugated muramyl dipeptide against Leishmania donovani infection: the role of cytokines. 916 56

The use of different expression systems to produce the same recombinant human protein can result in expression-dependent chemical modifications (CMs) leading to variability of structure, stability and immunogenicity. Of particular interest are recombinant human proteins expressed in plant-based systems, which have shown particularly high CM variability. In studies presented here, recombinant human serum albumins (rHSA) produced in Oryza sativa (Asian rice) (OsrHSA) from a number of suppliers have been extensively characterized and compared to plasma-derived HSA (pHSA) and rHSA expressed in yeast (Pichia pastoris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The heterogeneity of each sample was evaluated using size exclusion chromatography (SEC), reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE). Modifications of the samples were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The secondary and tertiary structure of the albumin samples were assessed with far U/V circular dichroism spectropolarimetry (far U/V CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy, respectively. Far U/V CD and fluorescence analyses were also used to assess thermal stability and drug binding. High molecular weight aggregates in OsrHSA samples were detected with SEC and supplier-to-supplier variability and, more critically, lot-to-lot variability in one manufactures supplied products were identified. LC-MS analysis identified a greater number of hexose-glycated arginine and lysine residues on OsrHSA compared to pHSA or rHSA expressed in yeast. This analysis also showed supplier-to-supplier and lot-to-lot variability in the degree of glycation at specific lysine and arginine residues for OsrHSA. Both the number of glycated residues and the degree of glycation correlated positively with the quantity of non-monomeric species and the chromatographic profiles of the samples. Tertiary structural changes were observed for most OsrHSA samples which correlated well with the degree of arginine/lysine glycation. The extensive glycation of OsrHSA from multiple suppliers may have further implications for the use of OsrHSA as a therapeutic product.
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PMID:Determination of supplier-to-supplier and lot-to-lot variability in glycation of recombinant human serum albumin expressed in Oryza sativa. 2529 39