Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0392674 (exhaustion)
 13,658 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The value of the adenylate energy charge, i.e. ([ATP] + 1/2[ADP])/([ATP] + [ADP] + [AMP]), during batch culture of Beneckea natriegens remained relatively constant during the exponential and early stationary phases of the growth cycle. During exponential growth the intracellular ATP content remained constant, the amount of ATP in the culture increasing proportionally with growth; these conditions were unaltered during growth in the presence of added cyclic AMP. On cessation of growth, significant variation in bacterial ATP content was observed depending on whether growth of the cultures terminated due to exhaustion of carbon or nitrogen from the medium, and on the presence or absence of added cyclic AMP.
J Gen Microbiol 1977 Jan
PMID:Adenylate energy charge during batch culture of Beneckea natriegens. 1 48

The intracellular ATP content of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 27092 grown in a glucose-containing medium was almost constant (2 to 3 microgram/mg dry wt. cells) through the early to middle stage of logarithmic phase, but it was lowered to less than 0.1 microgram/mg after cessation of growth owing to the exhaustion of available glucose. All the cells in the early stage of stationary phase were still viable and thus considered to be in a starved state. When such starved cells were infected with PL-1 phages in a tris-maleate buffer of pH 6.0, the process of forming blender-resistant phage-cell complexes signifying the complete injection of phage genomes into the cells was much inhibited. There was a good correlation between the ATP content of cells and the extent of the formation of blender-resistant phage-cell complexes and the correlation coefficient between them was 0.89 + 0.09 at the 95% confidence limit. On the other hand, the process of forming both the phage-adsorbed cells and the anti-phage serum-resistant phage-cell complexes were not affected by the ATP content of cells. Feeding of glucose to such starved cell cultures caused the cells to restore both the ATP content and the ability to form blender-resistant phage-cell complexes. Such restoration was also observed when the starved cells collected by centrifugation were incubated in a glucose-containing medium. The significance of the intracellular level of high energy compounds such as ATP for the mechanism of the injection of phage genomes into the cells is discussed.
J Gen Virol 1979 Jan
PMID:Adenosine triphosphate content in Lactobacillus casei and the blender-resistant phage-cell complex-forming ability of cells on infection with PL-1 phage. 10

In Escherichia coli (ATCCI5224; ML308), glucose and fructose phosphotransferase systems (PT-systems) are constitutive but activities are increased five and 10-fold respectively by aerobic growth on their respective substrates in defined media. In mixtures, glucose is used preferentially and the fructose PT-system activity is kept at its minimum; but, on glucose exhaustion, it overshoots its steady-state level and growth continues on fructose without lag. Cyclic AMP prevents overshoot. Continuous cultures operating as turbidostats on mixtures of glucose and fructose do not use fructose if sufficient glucose is present to support growth. If less glucose is available, it is all used and sufficient fructose is metabolized concurrently to maintain the growth rate characteristic of glucose. Both PT-systems are inhibited by hexose phosphates. Presence of homologous substrate specifically sensitizes each PT-system to inactivation by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). Glucose diminishes the ability of fructose to sensitize its PT-system to NEM. This effect parallels the inhibition of fructose utilization by glucose and suggests that glucose denies fructose access to the fructose-specific part of the PT-system.
J Gen Microbiol 1976 Aug
PMID:Control of the sequential utilization of glucose and fructose by Escherichia coli. 18 5

Exhaustion type hybridization was used to measure the amount of nuclear virus RNA complementary to the early (E) and late (L) polyoma virus DNA strands. At 36 h after infection between 2.5 and 7.3% of the newly synthesized virus RNA was complementary to the E-strand (-strand) and between 92.7 and 97.5% was complementary to the L-strand (+strand). This proportion was independent of the labelling time, indicating similar accumulation of the E- and L-RNA transcripts in the nucleus. The nuclear E- and L-RNA transcripts sedimented in a similar manner through sucrose gradients.
J Gen Virol 1978 May
PMID:The frequencies of transcription from the E- and L-strands of polyoma DNA. 20 60

Dialysis culture was used to investigate the extent to which growth inhibition in bacterial cultures may be caused by accumulation of metabolites. Escherichia coli B was grown in a glucose/salts medium. A concentrated nutrient solution was pumped at a constant rate into the growing culture to ensure that growth was not limited by exhaustion of nutrients. In this way the only difference between growth conditions in dialysis and non-dialysis cultures was the transfer of dialysable metabolites from the culture vessel to the reservoir in the dialysis culture system. By adjusting the glucose concentration in the feed and maintaining a constant rate of feeding, glucose-limited growth could be achieved. Under these conditions, with oxygen in excess, bacterial yields of 140 to 150 g dry wt l-1 were obtained in dialysis culture compared with 30 to 40 g l-1 in non-dialysis culture. The high yields in dialysis culture depended on the removal of end-products of glucose metabolism. Growth inhibition was demonstrated to be the result of the combined influence of acetate, lactate, pyruvate, succinate, propionate and isobutyrate in concentrations found at the end of growth in non-dialysis cultures of Escherichia coli B.
J Gen Microbiol 1977 Dec
PMID:Removal of inhibitors of bacterial growth by dialysis culture. 34 Jun 7

Batch culture of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus in L-mandelate- or phenylglyoxylate-salts medium showed an unusual non-exponential pattern unless the inoculum had been grown on benzyl alcohol. There were transient accumulations of benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol caused by the limitation of L-mandelate oxidation by low activities of benzaldehyde dehydrogenase and the diversion of reducing power to the formation of benzyl alcohol. In vivo enzymic activities were estimated from patterns of substrate utilization in batch cultures containing pairs of substrates. When bacteria previously grown in L-mandelate-salts medium were inoculated into media containing L-mandelate and a second carbon source, metabolism of L-mandelate was arithmetical in the presence of benzoate, catechol or succinate, but accelerated on exhaustion of the second substrate. This indicated repression of the enzymes involved in L-mandelate oxidation. Inoculation of bacteria grown in benzoate-salts medium into medium containing L-mandelate and benzoate gave diauxie with initial utilization of benzoate. Similar experiments showed that benzoate oxidation was not repressed by catechol and only partially repressed by succinate. Measurement of L-mandelate dehydrogenase, phenylglyoxylate carboxy-lyase and benzaldehyde dehydrogenase I in bacterial extracts showed no evidence for feedback inhibition by intermediates of the pathway. The rates of L-mandelate and benzoate utilization by bacterial suspensions were inhibited by succinate and catechol but not by other intermediates of the pathway.
J Gen Microbiol 1975 Dec
PMID:Regulation of growth of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus NCIB8250 on L-mandelate in batch culture. 120 74

1. Neuroleptic drugs (antipsychotics) produce numerous side effects which include serious extrapyramidal symptoms consisting of akathisia, dystonia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, parkinsonian reactions such as postural abnormality, tremor, akinesia or bradykinesia, rigidity, and tardive dyskinesia. 2. Among the complications of neuroleptic chemotherapy, the most serious and potentially fatal complication is malignant syndrome, which is characterized by extreme hyperthermia, "lead pipe" skeletal muscle rigidity causing dyspnea, dysphagia, and rhabdomyolysis, autonomic instability, fluctuating consciousness, leukocytosis, and elevated creatine phosphokinase. 3. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome should be differentiated from malignant hyperthermia, lethal catatonia, and other pathological states producing some of these same symptoms. 4. In addition to neuroleptics, malignant syndrome has been caused by thymoleptics (antidepressants), metoclopramide (antiemetic), metoclopramide combined with cimetidine, tetrabenazine, overdosage of benzodiazepine, phenelzine, dothiepin and alcohol, and amphetamine. 5. Factors leading to and/or facilitating the emergence of neuroleptic malignant syndromes are reportedly organic brain syndrome, dehydration, exhaustion, external heat load, excessive sympathetic discharge, use of long acting neuroleptics, high doses of neuroleptics, rapid dose titration with neuroleptics, abrupt discontinuation of antiparkinsonism agents, and concurrent lithium therapy. 6. Although, the pathogenesis of neuroleptic malignant syndrome is not understood completely, a blockade of dopaminergic receptors in the hypothalamus, spinal cord and striatum, an alteration of dopaminergic-serotonergic transmission in the body, an enhanced synthesis and action of prostaglandin E1 and E2, and a modification of calcium-mediated signal transduction in the body have been suggested. 7. The treatment of malignant syndrome includes immediate withdrawal of neuroleptic drugs, i.v. infusion of dantrolene, and oral administration of bromocriptine; or alternatively i.v. infusion of dantrolene and the combination of levodopa-carbidopa. 8. Other measures to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of the aforementioned regimens are to include the use of anticholinergic drugs such as benztropine to enhance the effectiveness of bromocriptine, of lorazepam if catatonic symptoms persist, or of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) if psychotic symptoms persist. 9. These treatments, however, must be "active" rather than "passive", in order to avert fatalities and/or unfortunate sequelae from this iatrogenic and incompletely understood disease.
Gen Pharmacol 1990
PMID:Pathogenesis and treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. 197 19

The role of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus p10 gene in viral cytopathology and morphogenesis was examined using classes of p10 deletion mutants with and without lacZ (beta-galactosidase) gene fusion. Mutant-infected cells did not form the fibrillar cytoplasmic and nuclear structures normally observed late in infection with wild-type (wt) virus, and the cells failed to lyse even at 2 weeks post-infection. Based on wt and mutant cytopathology, we suggest lysis may be facilitated by stepwise exhaustion of the host nuclear membrane, and may require a function resident in the carboxy region of p10; this portion of the molecule is also essential for formation of the p10-rich fibrillar bodies. Additional changes in cytopathology were correlated with the level of p10/LacZ fusion protein expression. The insertional mutant designated Ac229, which encodes 51 N-terminal amino acids of p10 fused to LacZ, caused intranuclear accumulation of granular structures at sites corresponding to the fibrillar bodies of wt viral infections. Occlusion body membranes, which associate with the fibrillar bodies in wt infections, were also formed in mutant virus-infected cells. However, membranes did not associate with occlusion bodies in Ac229 infections, and were aberrantly attached to occlusion bodies in cells infected with mutants having simple p10 deletions (represented by Ac231). Loss of the outer membrane increased sensitivity of the occlusion bodies to disruption by physical stress; a partially attached membrane afforded some protection from disruption.
J Gen Virol 1989 Jan
PMID:A cytopathological investigation of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus p10 gene function using insertion/deletion mutants. 265 26

A variety of biologically important pyridine nucleotides and precursors were examined for their capacities to satisfy the V-factor requirement of 30 strains of porcine haemophili. Of the compounds tested, only NAD, NMN and nicotinamide riboside (NR) supported the growth of all strains; NADP supported the growth of only the type strain of Haemophilus parasuis. Further studies with the H. parasuis type strain and the neotype strain of H. pleuropneumoniae demonstrated that, during growth, these organisms exhibited affinities for NMN that were greater than those for NAD; the affinity of H. pleuropneumoniae for NR was similar to that for NMN, whereas H. parasuis exhibited relatively low affinity for NR. With either organism, equimolar amounts of NAD and NMN supported the production of approximately equal amounts of biomass whereas growth yields were substantially lower when NR was the pyridine nucleotide source. When either organism was grown in the presence of excess exogenous [carbonyl-14C]NAD, cessation of growth was accompanied by the apparent exhaustion of the NAD supply. Approximately 80% of the radioactivity added as [14C]NAD could be recovered as extracellular [14C]nicotinamide and the majority of the assimilated radioactive material was present intracellularly in the form of a [14C]NAD(P) pool. The results are discussed in terms of the structural features required of a pyridine compound for it to support the growth of porcine haemophili, the capacity of these organisms to compete for pyridine nucleotide sources in vivo, and possible mechanisms involved in the assimilation of such compounds.
J Gen Microbiol 1986 Mar
PMID:Defining the metabolic and growth responses of porcine haemophili to exogenous pyridine nucleotides and precursors. 294 35

Intracellular concentrations of acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA in Escherichia coli K12 were determined by a malonyl-CoA: acetyl-CoA cycling technique. Under aerobic growth conditions with glucose the acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA concentrations varied over a range of 0.05-1.5 nmol (mg dry wt)-1 (20-600 microM) and 0.01-0.23 nmol (mg dry wt)-1 (4-90 microM), respectively. The intracellular concentration of acetyl-CoA was highest in exponentially growing cells and it fell rapidly to less than 5% of the maximum level when the organism entered stationary phase after exhaustion of glucose. A linear relationship was observed between the intracellular concentration of total acyl-CoA and the logarithm of the concentration of glucose in the medium. Consequently, the acetyl-CoA/malonyl-CoA ratios also varied drastically, in a range of 0.6-41.7, under different conditions. Of several carbon sources tested, glucose was the most effective for promoting the synthesis of cellular acetyl-CoA. For cells grown on glycerol or acetate the maximum concentrations of total acyl-CoA were significantly lower. In cells incubated with citrate (not used as a carbon source by E. coli), the level was consistent with that in cells starved for exogenous carbon sources.
J Gen Microbiol 1988 Aug
PMID:Changes in the intracellular concentration of acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA in relation to the carbon and energy metabolism of Escherichia coli K12. 307 58


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