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Query: UMLS:C0392674 (exhaustion)
 13,658 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Exhausted reactive dye bath of dark shades were collected from cotton knit wear dyeing units in Tirupur. Ozonation was conducted in a column reactor system fed with ozone at the rate of 0.16 g/min to assess its efficiency in reducing the color, chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon. The potential of the decolorized dye bath for its repeated reuse was also analyzed. The results from the reusability studies indicate that the dyeing quality was not affected by the reuse of decolorized dye bath for two successive cycles. Complete decolorization of the effluent was achieved in 60 minutes contact time at an ozone consumption of 183 mg/L for Red, 175 for Navy Blue and 192 for Green shades respectively. The corresponding COD removal was 60%, 54% and 63% for the three shades while TOC removal efficiency was 59%, 55% and 62% respectively. It is concluded that ozonation is efficient in decolorization of exhausted dye bath effluents containing conventional reactive dyes. However, the corresponding removal of COD from the textile effluent was not significant.
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PMID:Ozonation of exhausted dark shade reactive dye bath for reuse. 1817 24

Granular activated carbon (GAC) exhaustion rates on pulp and paper effluent from South East Australia were found to be a factor of three higher (3.62cf. 1.47kgm(-3)) on Kraft mills compared to mills using Thermomechanical pulping supplemented by Recycled Fibre (TMP/RCF). Biological waste treatment at both mills resulted in a final effluent COD of 240mgL(-1). The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was only 1.2 times higher in the Kraft effluent (70 vs. 58mgL(-1)), however, GAC treatment of Kraft and TMP/RCF effluent was largely different on the DOC persisted after biological treatment. The molecular mass (636 vs. 534gmol(-1)) and aromaticity (5.35 vs. 4.67Lmg(-1)m(-1)) of humic substances (HS) were slightly higher in the Kraft effluent. The HS aromaticity was decreased by a factor of 1.0Lmg(-1)m(-1) in both Kraft and TMP/RCF effluent. The molecular mass of the Kraft effluent increased by 50gmol(-1) while the molecular mass of the TMP/RCF effluent was essentially unchanged after GAC treatment; the DOC removal efficiency of the GAC on Kraft effluent was biased towards the low molecular weight humic compounds. The rapid adsorption of this fraction, coupled with the slightly higher aromaticity of the humic components resulted in early breakthrough on the Kraft effluent. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix analysis of the each GAC treated effluent indicated that the refractory components were higher molecular weight humics on the Kraft effluent and protein-like compounds on the TMP/RCF effluent. Although the GAC exhaustion rates are too high for an effective DOC removal option for biologically treated pulp and paper mill effluents, the study indicates that advanced organic characterisation techniques can be used to diagnose GAC performance on complex effluents with comparable bulk DOC and COD loads.
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PMID:Diagnosis of dissolved organic matter removal by GAC treatment in biologically treated papermill effluents using advanced organic characterisation techniques. 2220 20

To assess the effects of regular physical activity on muscle functional characteristics of carriers of sickle cell trait (SCT), 39 untrained (U) and trained (T) hemoglobin (Hb)AA (CON) and SCT subjects (U-CON, n = 12; U-SCT, n = 8; T-CON, n = 10; and T-SCT, n = 9) performed a graded exercise and a time to exhaustion (T(ex)) test, and were subjected to a muscle biopsy. Maximal power, total work performed during T(ex), citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activities, respiratory chain complexes I and IV content, and capillary density (CD), diameter (COD), and surface area (CSA) were upregulated by the same proportion in T-CON and T-SCT compared with their untrained counterparts. These proportionally similar differences imply that the observed discrepancies between U-SCT and U-CON remained in the trained subjects. Specifically, both CD and COX remained and tended to remain lower, and both COD and CSA remained and tended to remain higher in T-SCT than in T-CON. Besides, carriers of SCT displayed specific adaptations with regular physical activity: creatine kinase activity; complexes II, III, and V content; and type I fiber surface area and capillary tortuosity were lower or unchanged in T-SCT than in U-SCT. In summary, our results show that 1) carriers of SCT adapted almost similarly to CON to regular physical activity for most of the studied muscle characteristics, 2) oxidative potential remains altered in physically active carriers of SCT compared with HbAA counterparts, and 3) the specific remodeling of muscle microvascular network persists in the trained state.
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PMID:Effects of regular physical activity on skeletal muscle structural, energetic, and microvascular properties in carriers of sickle cell trait. 2270 Aug 3

Simultaneous nitrate-N, phosphate and COD removal was evaluated from synthetic waste water using mixed microbial consortia in an anoxic environment under various initial carbon load (ICL) in a batch scale reactor system. Within 6 hours of incubation, enriched DNPAOs (Denitrifying Polyphosphate Accumulating Microorganisms) were able to remove maximum COD (87%) at 2 g/L of ICL whereas maximum nitrate-N (97%) and phosphate (87%) removal along with PHB accumulation (49 mg/L) was achieved at 8 g/L of ICL. Exhaustion of nitrate-N, beyond 6 hours of incubation, had a detrimental effect on COD and phosphate removal rate. Fresh supply of nitrate-N to the reaction medium, beyond 6 hours, helped revive the removal rates of both COD and phosphate. Therefore, it was apparent that in spite of a high carbon load, maximum COD and nutrient removal can be maintained, with adequate nitrate-N availability. Denitrifying condition in the medium was evident from an increasing pH trend. PHB accumulation by the mixed culture was directly proportional to ICL; however the time taken for accumulation at higher ICL was more. Unlike conventional EBPR, PHB depletion did not support phosphate accumulation in this case. The unique aspect of all the batch studies were PHB accumulation was observed along with phosphate uptake and nitrate reduction under anoxic conditions. Bioinformatics analysis followed by pyrosequencing of the mixed culture DNA from the seed sludge revealed the dominance of denitrifying population, such as Corynebacterium, Rhodocyclus and Paraccocus (Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria). Rarefaction curve indicated complete bacterial population and corresponding number of OTUs through sequence analysis. Chao1 and Shannon index (H') was used to study the diversity of sampling. "UCI95" and "LCI95" indicated 95% confidence level of upper and lower values of Chao1 for each distance. Values of Chao1 index supported the results of rarefaction curve.
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PMID:Evaluation of simultaneous nutrient and COD removal with polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) accumulation using mixed microbial consortia under anoxic condition and their bioinformatics analysis. 2568 47

The application of conventional physicochemical and microbiological techniques for the removal of organic pollutants has limitations for its utilization on wastewaters as landfill leachates because of their high concentration of not easily biodegradable organic compounds. The use of ozone-based technologies is an alternative and complementary treatment for this type of wastewaters. This paper reports the study of the degradation of landfill leachates from different stages of a treatment plant using ozone and ozone + UV. The experimental work included the determination of the temporal evolution of COD, TOC, UV254, and color. Along the experimental runs, the instantaneous off-gas ozone concentration was measured. The reaction kinetics follows a global second order expression with respect to COD and ozone concentrations. A kinetic model which takes into account the gas liquid mass transfer coupled with the chemical reaction was developed, and the corresponding parameters of the reacting system were determined. The mathematical model is able to appropriately simulate COD and ozone concentrations but exhibiting limitations when varying the leachate type. The potential application of ozone was verified, although the estimated efficiencies for COD removal and ozone consumption as well as the effect of UV radiation show variations on their trends. In this sense, it is interesting to note that the relative ozone yield has significant oscillations as the reaction proceeds. Finally, the set of experimental results demonstrates the crucial importance of the selection of process conditions to improve ozone efficiencies. This approach should consider variations in the ozone supply in order to minimize losses as well as the design of exhaustion methods as multiple stage reactors using chemical engineering design tools.
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PMID:Kinetics and efficiency of ozone for treatment of landfill leachate including the effect of previous microbiological treatment. 2955 42