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 13,658 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

About 90% of the populations of North and Central Europe and North America suffer from dental caries. A change of nutrition and intensive oral hygiene would make it possible to limit the attack of caries decisively. All measures which have been directed to this end have so far failed. It must be noted that our population will apparently not be re-educated in the foreseeable future. However, since it is entitled to the exhaustion of all possibilities for the preservation of health, the increased use of fluorides for caries prevention is to be encouraged. Until the introduction of fluoridated drinking water the administration of fluoride tablets, especially in kindergartens and schools, should be promoted to the fullest extent. Alternatively it should be considered how far fluoridation of salt would be possible. Furthermore the local use of fluorides for caries prophylaxis to the fullest extent should be recommended.
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PMID:[Prevention of the caries through the application of fluoride]. 10 67

Heat tolerance was assessed by magnitude of strain induced in the body as a whole by heat load. The strain was represented by a combination of relative water loss, relative rise in rectal temperature and relative salt loss, using those critical values of the three factors which cause heat stroke (40.6 degrees C), water depletion heat exhaustion (7% of body weight) and salt depletion heat exhaustion (0.75 g per kg of body weight). As this numerical heat tolerance index is defined as the degree of disturbance induced by heat exposure concerning thermal regulation, water and electrolyte metabolism, the magnitude of the index is inversely proportional to that of heat tolerance. Our studies showed that adaptive changes in heat tolerance of unacclimatized subjects during short-term heat acclimatization could be followed up by this heat tolerance index and that superior heat tolerance of residents in subtropical zone and athletes could by reasonably evaluated by the index. Thus, it might be said that this numerical heat tolerance index is a reliable index for the assessment of heat tolerance.
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PMID:Index for the assessment of heat tolerance. 75 47

The authors describe a method of obtaining monospecific serum against secretory IgA and the corresponding standard. An immunochemically pure (11.6S) secretory human IgA was extracted from the colostrum by salt fractionation and gel-filtration through Sephadex G-200 and Sepharose 6B; this IgA was used as an antigen for the immunization and the standard for the quantitative determination of SIgA in the secretions. Monospecific anti-SC-serum was obtained by successive exhaustion of the antiserum against the S IgA immunosorbents prepared from normal human serum and the serum of a patient suffering from A myeloma containing polymeric IgA forms.
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PMID:[Production of monospecific serum against secretory IgA (anti-SC) and a standard for quantitative analysis]. 108 97

Ion adsorption and ion exchange are two methods commonly used in small home units to treat drinking water to bring the fluoride concentration to within acceptable limits. However, the necessary flowthrough system is often difficult to arrange where there is no piped supply and gradual exhaustion of the active agent is not easily detected. In an attempt to overcome these problems a defluoridation method based on the precipitation of a sparingly soluble fluoride salt, fluorapatite, has been studied. Samples of simulated high-fluoride drinking waters, approximately 10 ppm F, were saturated with brushite, resulting in a state of supersaturation with respect to fluorapatite. Subsequent seeding with hydroxyapatite caused a lowering of the calcium, phosphate, and fluoride concentrations in solution, indicative of fluorapatite precipitation. Repeating the process had an additive effect. Bone char was a less effective seed than hydroxyapatite with water containing fluoride only, but was a more effective seed with simulated Kenyan borehole water containing additional salts. Sixty-minute brushite saturation and apatite seeding steps were generally more effective than 10-min steps. The results suggest that apatite coprecipitation may be a convenient low-technology way to defluoridate drinking water, although prior testing might be useful to ensure adequate removal of fluoride.
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PMID:Partial defluoridation of drinking water using fluorapatite precipitation. 131 1

Cells of Arthrobacter globiformis grown in carbohydrate-rich media were found to contain large quantities of low-Mr carbohydrates (800 micrograms/mg protein) and only small amounts of amino acids, in addition to high amounts of glycogen (2 mg/mg protein). At increasing osmotic values of the medium, low-Mr carbohydrate levels increased to 1300 micrograms/mg protein. Low-Mr pools were extracted from the cells with hot 75% ethanol, and subjected to thin layer, gel and gas-liquid chromatography. They turned out to consist mainly of alpha,alpha-trehalose. Levels of trehalose in Arthrobacter cells have the tendency to remain constant, both during nutrient exhaustion (resulting in glycogen consumption), and on addition of excess of carbon source to the medium (resulting in an increased glycogen content of the cells). The stress-tolerant properties of Arthrobacter (resistance to nutrient starvation, desiccation and high salt concentration) are discussed with respect to the high glycogen and trehalose contents of the cells.
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PMID:Levels of trehalose and glycogen in Arthrobacter globiformis under conditions of nutrient starvation and osmotic stress. 157 69

Four experimental groups of rats treated with (1) DOCA-salt, (2) DOCA or (3) salt, and (4) controls were used to study the participation of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in the development of hypertension. Plasma and cardiac tissue concentrations of BNP as well as atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were measured in each group by using radioimmunoassays specific to rat BNP or ANP. Plasma BNP levels in DOCA-salt hypertensive group were higher than those in control (p less than 0.01), salt (p less than 0.01) and DOCA (p less than 0.01) groups. A positive correlation was observed between plasma BNP levels and blood pressure (r = 0.70, p less than 0.001) and between plasma ANP levels and blood pressure (r = 0.62, p less than 0.001). Plasma BNP/ANP ratio increased parallel with elevation of blood pressure. Plasma BNP levels correlated negatively with atrial BNP concentration (r = -0.33, p less than 0.05), but positively with ventricular BNP (r = 0.76, p less than 0.001). Compared with controls, tissue BNP-45/gamma-BNP ratio in the DOCA-salt rats was lower in atrium, but higher in ventricle. Thus, in DOCA-salt hypertension atrial BNP decreased with exhaustion of stored BNP-45, while ventricular BNP increased as BNP-45 accumulated. These results suggest that BNP is a novel cardiac hormone, synthesized, processed and secreted in response to changes in blood pressure. BNP may play different roles in controlling blood pressure than those assumed by ANP.
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PMID:Increased plasma brain natriuretic peptide levels in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats: relation to blood pressure and cardiac concentration. 214 83

Medical disorders related to environmental heat exposure are exceptionally common in persons who perform hard work in hot climates. They are also common in competitive athletes as well as in persons who participate in casual exercise to maintain health. The important issue of salt and water disturbances consequent to heavy sweating in hot climates is discussed in detail as are mechanisms of potassium deficiency and its implications. The major forms of environmental heat illness including heat syncope, heat cramp, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke are presented in detail with relevant clinical examples. A discussion of the differential diagnosis of hyperthermia and rhabdomyolysis follows. Because of the difference in treatment and complications, heat stroke is subdivided into the classic variety that affects the elderly and very young and that form that follows heavy physical work and is always associated with rhabdomyolysis. Because severe heat exhaustion and heat stroke are life-threatening disorders, the chapter includes a detailed discussion of complications and plans for treatment.
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PMID:Heat stroke and related heat stress disorders. 265 54

The pharmacokinetics and mass fate in mice, of pyrimethamine (425 mg kg-1 s.o.) administered subcutaneously either as the base (BASE) or the pamoate salt (PAM) in an injectable oil mixture (benzyl benzoate-peanut oil 50:50 v/v) have been evaluated. Maximum measured plasma pyrimethamine levels after BASE were attained within 24 h, and were twice as high as after PAM. 25% of animals dosed with BASE died; among the survivors plasma drug levels fell rapidly below the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Plasmodium berghei (100-200 ng ml-1) by 5 weeks. In contrast, no mice dosed with PAM died and plasma levels were sustained above the MIC for 13 weeks, drugs still being detectable in plasma after four months. Overall, there was no significant difference between areas under the curve from zero time to the time of the final sampling of pyrimethamine following PAM or BASE. The rapid initial elimination of 14C-radioactivity (2.64 +/- 0.47% dose day-1 over 4 weeks) seen after dosage with [14C]BASE reflected the plasma disposition of pyrimethamine in the mice dosed with BASE. 90% of the excreted 14C was eliminated by one month by which time less than 1% (0.03 +/- 0.02%) of the [14C]BASE was recovered from the injection site. Both BASE and [14C]BASE studies suggest that exhaustion of this preparation occurred by 7 weeks. Excretion of 14C-radioactivity after [14C]PAM was gradual and sustained with a low mean daily rate, that was maintained throughout the study i.e. 1.21 +/- 0.17% day-1 (4 weeks), 0.88 +/- 0.28% day-1 (8 weeks), 0.5 +/- 0.31% day-1 (12 weeks), 0.42 +/- 0.27% day-1 (16 weeks).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The sustained release of pyrimethamine base or pyrimethamine pamoate from a biodegradable injectable depot preparation in mice. 286 95

Atrial tachyarrhythmias and atrial pacing are associated with increased cardiac secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in man. Using treadmill exercise to exhaustion, we have studied the effect of exercise induced tachycardia on plasma immunoreactive ANP (IR-ANP) and vasoactive hormones in 6 normal men before and after 6 days of sodium loading (salt supplements and 0.4 mg 9 alpha fludro hydrocortisone daily for 4 days). Similar increases in heart rate and plasma catecholamine levels occurred during exercise in both studies. Sodium loading increased resting supine plasma IR-ANP (P less than 0.037) and suppressed plasma renin and aldosterone, including the renin-aldosterone response to exercise. Plasma IR-ANP increased more than 3-fold during exercise to 48 +/- 7 before and 66 +/- 12 pmol/l after sodium loading (P greater than 0.1). When the response of individual subjects was examined, there was no significant correlation between change in plasma IR-ANP and change in heart rate or catecholamine levels in either exercise study. Exercise induces greater increments in plasma IR-ANP than either acute or chronic sodium loading in normal men and may be a useful and rapid means of assessing the heart's ability to secrete ANP.
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PMID:Exercise induced increase in plasma atrial natriuretic peptide and effect of sodium loading in normal man. 296 39

There is no clear evidence that the chronic requirement for any non-energy yielding nutrient rises in proportion as the energy requirement increases with hard work. The need for protein, and probably that for calcium, remain a function of bodyweight daily. Some proportionality with energy may exist for certain nutrients, although the evidence has not been adduced. For example, because of an increase in both the proportion and amount of propionic acid in the volatile fatty acids of caecal contents, the tissue requirement for vitamin B12 may rise with an increase in the rate of energy metabolism. Exercise influences appetite and therefore voluntary intake, and consequently the daily intake of nutrients. Although that intake is not just a function of dietary bulk and weight, it is necessary to increase energy concentration of diets to achieve an adequate chronic intake of energy where work intensity and energy expenditure are considerable. Acute nutrient requirements paint a different picture from chronic requirements. An increase in total feed intake, or the density of that feed, would neither satisfy these requirements nor be a desirable means of doing so. The acute needs of water, electrolytes and soluble carbohydrates should be met by dosing when the need arises. The timing of the consumption of energy yielding substrates relative to that of exercise may be critical to performance. An inevitable postprandial consequence of a meal of starch or protein by the resting horse, is an increase in the activity of plasma insulin. This increase decreases blood glucose, depriving muscles of a critical substrate, but the assertion has not been resolved by experiment in horses. Experiments are required to ascertain the optimum feeding regime during the 24 h preceding extreme exertion. Whereas exhaustion in sprint work is largely a function of elevated blood lactate concentration, that of extended work is a consequence of a decline in glycogen reserves and losses of body fluid and electrolytes. Glycogen loading is of benefit to many long distance human athletes, but no advantage has yet been established for this practice in horses, and without modification it could render them subject to laminitis and endotoxaemia. Nevertheless supplementation of horses with water, glucose and electrolytes during work may benefit their endurance. The provision of 5 litres water every 2 h with 30 g salt, or twice as much of mixed electrolytes, and 15 g sucrose or glucose, is recommended for a 500 kg horse during periods of extreme sweating.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Dietary requirements and athletic performance of horses. 304 78


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