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Query: UMLS:C0392674 (exhaustion)
 13,658 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of GVHR on thymus-dependent lymphocytes of various lymphoid organs has been followed autoradiographically and by scintillation technique in a temporal dependence on the induction of the reaction. GVHR was induced in (BD X Lw) F1 hybrid rats with parental spleen (BD) cells. As marker of the thymus-dependent lymphocytes the in vitro 3H-uridine incorporation was used. Compared to B cells, T lymphocytes of rats have a higher ability of incorporating labeled uridine. T lymphocytes in peripheral blood and the thoracic duct achieved their peak at 3 or 4 days following GVHR induction. On the fourth day, simultaneously with a GVH-altered thymus a rapid decline in the number of these cells was also observed. A mobilization of T lymphocytes from the spleen and lymph nodes into the circulation already in the very first days of the reaction might be responsible for the peak seen in PBL and TDL. The GVH-alteration lasting 21 days caused an evident reduction of thymus-dependent lymphocytes in all the organs studied here. The immunological attack of GVHR is considered to be primarily responsible for the exhaustion of T cells. The discussion bears on the possibility of a more progressive action of GVHR on the more mature T lymphocyte subpopulation.
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PMID:Kinetics of thymus-derived lymphocyte count changes in rats affected by graft-versus-host reaction. 0 88

The functional changes in splenic lymphoid populations from mice infected with T. brucei strain S42 were studied throughout the 3 weeks of infection. Within a week of infection, proliferation of B and T cells profoundly increased as shown by 3H-labelled thymidine incorporation and fluorescent staining of surface Ig; the spleen cells secreted high levels of both IgM and IgG immediately cells were put into culture; but with progressing infection this Ig production declined. The early effect on T cells was reflected by lack of responsiveness to PHA. B-cell potential was studied in low-density cultures treated with lipopolysaccharide (E. coli). Normal spleen cells proliferate extensively in these cultures with subsequent secretion of IgG as well as IgM. The ability to proliferate and produce Ig in response to LPS was severely depressed by day 7 and almost totally absent by day 12 of infection. Removal of T cells from the spleen cells obtained early in infection partly restored the response to LPS but as the infection neared its fatal end, B-cell potential appeared to become exhausted. Macrophages obtained from infected mice even early in infection profoundly depressed the ability of normal spleen cells to proliferate and secrete immunoglobulin in LPS cultures. The general immunodepressing effect of trypanosomes can be attributed to clonal exhaustion of B-cell potential caused by an undefined blastogenic stimulus from the parasites which may operate at least in part by the generation of suppressive T cells and macrophages.
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PMID:Suppressor cells and loss of B-cell potential in mice infected with Trypanosoma brucei. 30 69

The kinetics of T and B lymphocytes were studied in the spleen, the lymph nodes, peripheral blood and the thymus of tumor-bearing rats in a time dependence following tumor transplantation with varying doses of allogeneic tumor cells. The dose of the transplanted tumor cells proved to be a limiting factor in the altered proportions of T and B cells in the various phases of immunological response of the tumorous host. A lower dose of tumor cells induced but a nonsignificant decline in the numbers of T lymphocytes in correlation with tumor growth and the tumor rejected within 19 days. A high dose of tumor cells caused an evident exhaustion of T cells in all the lymphoid organs followed (excepting the thymus), and the tumor was not rejected even by the end of the experiment. Evidently, the presence of tumor cells did not affect the B cell pool. The results are interpreted in the sense of a functional heterogeneity of the various subpopulations of T lymphocytes. The reactivity and responsibility of these subpopulations in the phase of tumor growth and its rejection is discussed.
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PMID:Kinetics of thymus- and bone marrow-derived lymphocytes in rats during tumor growth. 33 15

The study of 48 cases of spleen lymphogranulomatosis showed lymphogranulomatous growths to be localized only in the periphery of lymphoid follicles. In the early stages of the disease (before the appearance of Berezovsky-Sternberg cells) of the spleen the occurrence of Hodgkin cells is specific when the diagnosis is confirmed histologically before the operation by examinations of the lymph node bioptate. Lymphogranulomatous growths in the spleen appear against the background of hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles which is most likely to be of reactive nature. Lymphogranulomatous growths in the spleen may correspond to any of 4 morphological variants of the disease (according to the classification of Lukes et al., 1966) which are its successive stages: lymphohistiocytic variant--mixed cell--lymphoid exhaustion. Similar changes of the cell composition in the granulomatous tissue occur in cases of lymphogranulomatosis with nodular sclerosis.
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PMID:[Pathological anatomy of splenic lymphogranulomatosis (according to the materials of diagnostic laparotomy)]. 90 16

In an attempt to explore the mechanism by which antigenic stimulation alters gene expression in lymphoid cells in vivo, three different hybridization techniques have been used to compare the complexity of the genome of lymphoid cells from normal and from immune BALB/c mice. RNA/DNA hybridization experiments at a DNA excess of 1000 demonstrated that normal RNA and immune RNA hybridized identically with DNA extracted from mouse spleen cells before and after immunization and with liver DNA. These findings indicate that DNA sequences complementary to immune RNA or to normal RNA are represented in a number of copies not significantly different in the genome of normal lymphoid cells and in that of immune lymphoid cells. Hybridizations of normal and of immune RNA with normal and immune pulse-labeled DNA, done at RNA excess, detected no differences between these two DNA. However, significant differences were observed in the percentage of DNA hybridized with normal and immune RNA; 3 to 4% of the DNA hybridized with normal RNA and 8 to 9% with immune RNA. This indicates that more DNA sequences are transcribed 48 hr after immunization than before immunization. The RNA exhaustion rates caused by normal and immune DNA were found to be identical, indicating that antigenic stimulation did not induce major changes in the number of DNA base sequences complementary to the RNA tested. However, when normal and immune pulse-labeled RNA were compared by exhaustion with DNA, the immune pulse-labeled RNA obtained 48 hr after immunization displayed a slower exhaustion rate than normal RNA or RNA extracted 72 hr after immunization. These results suggest the temporary synthesis, at a higher frequency, of certain RNA sepcies 48 hr after immunization, as compared to the RNA synthesis in normal, nonimmune cells, or that occurring 72 hr after immunization. Thus, the three experimental approaches used lead to the conclusion that antigenic stimulation does not induce major gene amplification; it does, however, change the transcription rate of certain RNA species.
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PMID:Hybridization kinetics of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid from antigen-stimulated mouse spleen cells. 93 32

Keratotic and squamous changes characteristic of vitamin A deficiency were minimal even in chicks which were malnourished and growth stunted and had no vitamin A in their diet. However, when these chicks were infected with Newcastle disease virus (NDV), keratotic changes appeared, most markedly in areas regenerating after infection. In chicks raised on full nutrient diets lacking only vitamin A, keratotic changes appeared in several areas of nasal mucosa but were absent from the mucosa of the inner (under) surface of the maxillary turbinate. Following NDV infection, such changes did appear in the inner lining epithelia. It is suggested that depletion of vitamin A causes regenerating epithelial cells to keratinize. Other effects of combined lack of vitamin A plus NDV infection were exhaustion of lymphoid cells from cranial bone marrow and exhaustion of lymphoid cell systems locally from the nose and paranasal glands.
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PMID:Acute newcastle viral infection of the upper respiratory tract of the chicken. II. The effect of diets deficient in vitamin A on the pathogenesis of the infection. 111 36

The antistress affect of the substance P1-4 N-terminal fragment (ARG-Pro-Lys-Pro, 100 mkg/kg, i.p.) has been studied on the model of immobilization stress in rats. It was ascertained that the preparation of protective effect is revealed to the greatest extent on the exhaustion stage (48 h of immobilization), which served to prevent the lymphoid organs mass reduction and ulcer development and also accounted for greater adrenaline and noradrenaline content preservation in tissues and chromaffin cells of adrenal glands in stressed animals.
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PMID:[Effect of the N-terminal fragment of substance P1-4 on the somatic manifestations of the stress reaction and on the catecholamine content of the adrenals in rats]. 246 99

We report results of a preliminary study on the preoperative use of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to reduce bleeding in transurethral resection of prostate. The average amount of blood lost for each case in the 5-FU group (30 cases) was calculated to be 10.16 mL/g, while the average for the control group was 15.12 mL/g. A blood loss of about 5 mL/g in the 5-FU group was less than in the control group. In addition, the reduction of bleeding was apparent in cases where the removed prostate weighed more than 10 g, and was especially marked in those cases where the removed prostate weighed 20-29 g. A pathologic examination of the 5-FU-treated prostate revealed atrophy of the glandular tissue, hyperplasia of the connective tissue, marked dilatation of the lumen of some of the acini which indicated exhaustion of glandular secretion, a decrease in the number of blood vessels, and formation of lymphoid follicles. All of the test group, with the exception of one whose white blood cell count once dropped to 2,700/mm3, did not show any side effects.
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PMID:Preoperative use of 5-fluorouracil to reduce operative bleeding in transurethral resection of prostate. 246 43

The livers of 26 adult males with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) were reviewed. The occurrence of portal tracts with diminished lymphocytes, probably reflecting generalized exhaustion of the lymphoid system, was a characteristic morphologic change, and was found in all cases. Kupffer cell hyperplasia was also a frequent finding and probably reflected generalized infection(s). Punched-out clusters of foamy histiocytes filled with acid-fast bacilli, typical for infection with Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAC), were found in three patients. In addition, MAC was cultured from two livers without the foamy histiocytic changes. Chronic viral hepatitis (three cases) and deposition of polarizable materials (one case) in the liver might be related to unusual habits of patients with AIDS. In conclusion, livers from patients with AIDS disclosed several kinds of lesions reflecting underlying or associated conditions in AIDS, but these did not contribute to the cause of death in our patients.
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PMID:Pathologic features of the liver in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). 348 53

This study investigated changes in functional response to splenic T lymphocytes of mitogens following acute and chronic exposure to endurance exercise. Splenic T cell response in vitro to concanavalin A (Con A) and the total number of lymphocytes per spleen were compared between mice assigned to the following treatment conditions: (a) exercise training (EX) by treadmill running (28 m/min, 8 degrees slope for 30 min, 5 times per week for 4 weeks preceded by 2 weeks of endurance build-up), (b) exercise training as above followed by a single, acute bout of exercise to exhaustion (EX + AC) (35 m/min, 8 degrees slope, 30 min to 2 h duration) (c) exposure to the novel environment for 6 weeks without exercise (control), and exposure to the novel environment as in (c) followed by a single, acute bout of exercise to exhaustion. Treadmill running for 6 weeks significantly enhanced succinate dehydrogenase activity in skeletal muscle compared to the sedentary, control condition, and was broadly interpreted as indicative of a training effect. EX mice had significantly reduced splenic lymphocyte proliferative responses to optimal and supraoptimal concentrations of Con A compared with control animals. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine into splenic lymphocytes from EX + AC mice was the most markedly depressed. Total number of lymphocytes per spleen was significantly lower in EX compared with control mice. These results suggests that chronic exercise challenge in mice is associated with T lymphocyte hyporesponsiveness in the secondary lymphoid organs, such as the spleen.
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PMID:Chronic exercise stress in mice depresses splenic T lymphocyte mitogenesis in vitro. 349 54


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