Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0376358 (prostate cancer)
 59,338 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The Japanese-American population was particularly well suited for the study of cancer occurrence because: 1) An American-born population as well as the immigrant Japanese-American population could be studied; 2) good cancer incidence and mortality data from Japan could be compared with data from the United States; and 3) some differences in the rate of occurrence of several specific cancer sites in Japan as compared with the United States were striking. The most significant of these involved the gastrointestinal tract and sex organs. Data were presented concerning cancer incidence rates for the Japanese-American population of the San Francisco Bay area. The high gastric rates for the Japanese in Japan were reduced in a stepwise fashion in the immigrant Japanese-American population to the American-born Japanese who were approaching the low rate of the United States. Colon cancer rates, which were low in Japan, approached the rates in the United States in both the immigrants from Japan and in Japanese Americans. The low rates of cancers of the breast, uterine corpus, and ovary of Japanese women in Japan and for prostate cancer among men rapidly approached the higher rates for these cancer sites that existed in the United States. A study of nutritional factors related to the increase of cancer of the breast in Japanese Americans is being conducted.
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PMID:Breast cancer among American Japanese in the San Francisco Bay area. 61 35

The relationship of age, medical history, personal habits, and urologic symptoms to the incidence of surgically treated benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) was studied in a cohort of 16,219 men, aged forty years and over, who received multiphasic health checkups (MHCs) during 1971 and 1972 in Oakland or San Francisco while members of the Northern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, a large prepaid health care program. Follow-up was carried out for surgically treated BPH from the date of the MHC to the date of the earliest of the following: surgery for BPH (n = 1,027); incidence of prostate cancer (n = 329), bladder cancer (n = 119), or both (n = 10); other prostate surgery (n = 5); death (n = 2,525); membership termination (n = 4,235); or December 31, 1987 (n = 7,969). The mean length of follow-up was twelve years. In multivariate analysis utilizing the Cox proportional hazards model, the following characteristics were positively associated (p less than 0.05) with risk of surgically treated BPH: age, low body mass index, nonsmoking (vs. current smoking), urine pH greater than 5, history of kidney x-ray and of tuberculosis, and each of five urologic symptoms (dysuria, loss of bladder control, trouble starting urination, nocturia, slow urine stream). The risk of BPH associated with obstructive urologic symptoms decreased markedly with age. Some of these findings are consistent with those from other studies (age, nonsmoking), while others (high urine pH, history of tuberculosis) are new and should be examined in other study populations.
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PMID:Risk factors for surgically treated benign prostatic hyperplasia in a prepaid health care plan. 171 53

The incidence of surgically treated benign prostatic hypertrophy and of prostate cancer was examined to December 1987 in 14,897 men (2,175 blacks and 12,722 whites) who received multiphasic health checkups during 1971-1972 while members of the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program (San Francisco-Oakland, California). Prostate cancer incidence was higher in blacks than in whites for all age groups (age-adjusted relative risk (RR) = 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-2.3). The incidence of benign prostatic hypertrophy was somewhat higher in blacks than in whites until age 65 years, after which it was higher in whites. In contrast to the risk of prostate cancer, the age-adjusted risk of benign prostatic hypertrophy was the same for blacks as for whites (RR = 1.0, 95% Cl 0.8-1.2).
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PMID:Incidence of surgically treated benign prostatic hypertrophy and of prostate cancer among blacks and whites in a prepaid health care plan. 171 6

A number of researchers have noted that the black population in the United States generally has less favorable cancer survival than does the white population. It is not clear, however, whether this difference is fully explained by differences in stage of disease at diagnosis. This study uses Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program data from the San Francisco-Oakland (California) Metropolitan Statistical Area for the years 1974-1985 to study survival differences between blacks and whites while controlling for both stage and age at diagnosis. The cancer sites examined are those for which mortality is considered avoidable by early detection and treatment, namely the colon, rectum, bladder, breast, cervix, uterine corpus, and prostate. Stage-specific (local, regional, and remote) survival curves are examined for each cancer site. The site- and stage-specific curves for colon, male rectal, and prostate cancer, supplemented by proportional hazards analyses, indicate no significant stage-specific racial differentials. Stage-specific survival differentials persist for male bladder, female rectal, and breast cancer. The relation between race and stage is more complex for female bladder, cervical, and uterine corpus cancer; for these sites, there is a racial difference at some stages but not all. The consequences for secondary intervention programs are considered for the seven sites in light of these findings.
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PMID:Black-white differences in stage-specific cancer survival: analysis of seven selected sites. 201 22

We examined the hypothesis that low levels of serum uric acid are associated with elevated cancer risk. A subpopulation (163,830 members) of a large health maintenance organization was followed for a mean of 9.8 years after a multiphasic health checkup at which serum uric acid level was measured. Total cancer incidence as well as site-specific incidence (for lung, colon, and prostate cancer in men and lung, colon, breast, uterine, and cervical cancer in women) was ascertained from hospital discharge records and the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program in the San Francisco-Oakland Bay area. Age-adjusted cancer incidence was not elevated in the lower deciles of serum uric acid level. After adjusting for age, race, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, and body mass, using proportional hazards models, the risk of cancer was not elevated at lower levels of uric acid. Our results suggest that if increased risk of cancer is associated with low serum uric acid, this risk is associated with serum uric levels below those commonly seen in human populations.
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PMID:Serum uric acid unrelated to cancer incidence in humans. 335 48

Although DNA ploidy analysis of prostate cancer is generally associated with grade, stage, clinical outcome, and responsiveness to androgen therapy, one possible reason cited for contrary reports may be tumor heterogeneity. A preliminary report using flow cytometric analysis of punch biopsies demonstrated DNA heterogeneity in five of nine patients. We evaluated 75 patients by cutting whole mounts of formalin fixed prostatectomy tissue every 0.6 cm. All malignant areas and a selected normal area were circumscribed, excised, remounted, and 1-3 50 mu thick sections removed. The nuclei were extracted by a Hedley technique and the DNA stained with propidium iodide. Each whole mount had an average of 1 distinct malignant area (range of 1-6 areas per whole mount block). Nuclei were analyzed on a Becton Dickinson (San Jose, CA) FACScan flow cytometer equipped with RFIT DNA software program. After excluding histograms with CVs > 8.0% and/or "suspicious" diploid histograms having a right "shoulder," 75 or 87 patients still had > or = 2 malignant sites available for analysis (average 4, range 2-9 malignant sites/patient). The 322 histograms had an average CV of 4.4%. Thirty of 75 patients (40%) showed DNA heterogeneity in multiple samples taken from the same prostate. There were 37 prostates with only diploid (D), 1 with only tetraploid (T), 7 with only aneuploid (A), 20 with D plus A, 7 with D plus T, 2 with D plus T plus A, and 1 with a D plus suspected hypodiploid DNA content. Exclusion of the tetraploid and "near diploid aneuploid" cases still resulted in 16% (12/75) of the patients having a diploid versus aneuploid DNA content heterogeneity. Because 40% of the prostates contained a different ploidy depending on which area was sampled, this report suggests multiple sites of malignancy must be analyzed to more accurately assess the ploidy status of prostatic adenocarcinoma.
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PMID:DNA heterogeneity determined by flow cytometry in prostatic adenocarcinoma--necessitating multiple site analysis. 750 45

Increased risk of prostate cancer in men with a family history of the disease has been observed consistently in epidemiologic studies. However, most studies have been confined to white men; little is known about familial aggregation of prostate cancer in populations with unusually high incidence, such as African Americans, or in populations with low incidence, such as Asian-Americans. The authors report results from a population-based case-control study of prostate cancer among blacks, whites, and Asian-Americans in the United States and Canada. Controls were matched to cases on age (5-year groups), ethnicity (black, white, Chinese-American, Japanese-American), and region of residence (Los Angeles, San Francisco, Hawaii, Vancouver, Toronto). In the combined group of participants, 5% of controls and 13% of cases reported a father, brother, or son with prostate cancer. These prevalences were somewhat lower among Asian-Americans than among blacks or whites. A positive family history was associated with a statistically significant two- to threefold increase in risk in each of the three ethnic groups. The overall odds ratio associated with such a family history, adjusted for age and ethnicity, was 2.5 (95% confidence interval 1.9-3.3). This odds ratio varied by neither ethnicity nor age of the participants. Sera from 1,087 controls were used to examine the relations between family history and serum concentrations of androgens and prostate-specific antigen. The concentrations of sex hormone-binding globulin were slightly higher in men with than without a positive family history. Prostate-specific antigen concentrations were unrelated to family history.
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PMID:Family history and prostate cancer risk in black, white, and Asian men in the United States and Canada. 753 77

Vasectomy has been associated in some studies with increased prostate cancer risk. This association was assessed on the basis of data collected in a large multiethnic case control study of prostate cancer that was conducted in the United States (Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Hawaii) and Canada (Toronto and Vancouver). In home interviews conducted with newly diagnosed prostate cancer case patients (diagnosed between January 1, 1989 and December 31, 1991 as well as January 1, 1987 and December 31, 1988) and control subjects, information was obtained on the participants' medical history, including a history of vasectomy and the age at which the procedure was performed as well as other potential risk factors. Blood samples were collected from control subjects only and were assayed for concentration of total testosterone, percent of free testosterone, percent of bioavailable testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) using an automated, polyclonal-monoclonal immunochemiluminometric prostate-specific antigen (PSA) assay. The analysis was based on 1642 prostate cancer patients and 1636 control subjects. The analysis of PSA, androgens, and SHBG by vasectomy status was based on 850 control subjects with normal PSA concentrations. A history of vasectomy was not significantly associated with prostate cancer risk among all racial/ethnic groups combined (odds ratio [OR] = 1.1; Whites OR = 0.94; Blacks OR = 1.0; or Chinese-Americans OR = 0.96). Among Japanese-Americans, the OR was 1.8, but the statistically significant elevation in risk (OR = 4.1) was limited to more educated men with a history of vasectomy and those with localized cancers (OR = 5.3). ORs did not vary significantly by age at vasectomy or years since vasectomy. Lower serum concentration of SHBG and a higher ratio of DHT to testosterone was found among vasectomized control subjects than among nonvasectomized control subjects. The findings do not support previous reports of increased prostate cancer risk associated with vasectomy. However, the altered endocrine profiles of vasectomized control subjects warrant further evaluation in longitudinal studies.
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PMID:Vasectomy and prostate cancer: results from a multiethnic case-control study. 775 64

Consistency and reproducibility of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurement are essential in the application of this analyte to early detection or screening programs. In the present investigation, we sought to compare serum PSA levels determined by the IMx assay (Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL) and the Tandem E (Hybritech Inc., San Diego, CA) to determine whether there were differences. Two hundred twenty-eight random sera from our archival bank were investigated. One hundred-eight specimens were in the Tandem range of 2.0-10.0 ng/ml, and prostatic histology was known based on either systematic sector needle biopsy or transurethral resection. PSA was measured with three different lost of the IMx and Tandem assays. Over the entire range, there was a good correlation (r2 = 0.985); however, in the more useful clinical range of 2.0-10.0 ng/ml, the correlation was reduced to 0.923; in the 2.0-6.0 ng/ml range, it was further reduced to 0.852. The slope for the entire range was 0.948; however, in the 2.0- to 10.0-ng/ml range, it was 0.894; in the 2.0- to 6.0-ng/ml range, the slope was 0.815. Using PSA cutoffs of 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0 ng/ml, significant decrease in abnormal PSA values in men with cancer was observed with the IMx compared with Tandem. These data suggest that the IMx and the Tandem PSA assays are not equivalent, and in most patients a lower value is realized with the IMx assay. This bias appears to be greater in men with prostate cancer. Clinicians must be aware which assay their patients are being tested with, and laboratory technicians should run internal standards to ensure lack of significant intralot variability and consistency over time.
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PMID:Assay variability in serum prostate-specific antigen determination. 754 27

This pilot study evaluated the influence of age and ethnicity on serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration in Asian and white men without a clinical diagnosis of prostate cancer. Between October and December 1993, 1260 patients who underwent serum PSA determination (Hybritech Tandem-R assay, San Diego, California) at Straub Clinic & Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Of these, 885 (70%) men aged 40 to 79 years were either Asian (Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, and Korean) or white and had a serum PSA less than 10.0 ng/ml. The PSA for the entire group was 2.1 +/- 2.0 ng/ml (mean +/- SD). PSA correlated with age (r = 0.31, p = 0.0001) and age accounted for 10% of the variance in serum PSA. Using the regression formula, serum PSA increased 2.5% (0.06 ng/ml) per year of age. The entire study group was about equally divided between whites (49%) and Asians (51%). Nearly three-fourths of the Asian men were Japanese. The mean PSA was very close in the Asian and white groups. There was no direct correlation between serum PSA and ethnicity (r = 0.03; p = 0.3201). Ethnicity contributed 0.1% of the variance in PSA. In conclusion, this preliminary study suggests serum PSA increases with age in Asian and white men without a clinical diagnosis of prostate cancer. No difference was found in PSA between men of Asian and white ethnicity.
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PMID:Prostate-specific antigen concentration: influence of age and ethnicity. 754 90


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