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Query: UMLS:C0376358 (prostate cancer)
 59,338 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Our objective was to determine the influence of patient-, study design-, and imaging protocol characteristics on staging performance of MR imaging in prostate cancer. In an electronic literature search and review of bibliographies (January 1984 to May 2000) the articles selected included data on sensitivity and specificity for local staging. Subgroup analyses examined the influence of age, prostate specific antigen, tumor grade, hormonal pre-treatment, stage distribution, publication year, department of origin, verification bias, time between biopsy and MR imaging; consensus reading, study design, consecutive patients, sample size, histology preparation, imaging planes, fast spin echo, fat suppression, endorectal coil, field strength, resolution, glucagon, contrast agents, MR spectroscopy, and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. Seventy-one articles and five abstracts were included, yielding 146 studies. Missing values were highly prevalent for patient characteristics and study design. Publication year, sample size, histologic gold standard, number of imaging planes, turbo spin echo, endorectal coil, and contrast agents influenced staging performance ( p=0.05). Due to poor reporting it was not possible to fully explain the heterogeneity of performance presented in the literature. Our results suggest that turbo spin echo, endorectal coil, and multiple imaging planes improve staging performance. Studies with small sample sizes may result in higher staging performance.
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PMID:Local staging of prostate cancer using magnetic resonance imaging: a meta-analysis. 1219 84

Early diagnosis of prostate cancer remains a subject of concern, if limitation of the number of unnecessary biopsies is the final goal. As long as a sufficiently sensitive and specific marker will not be available, high quality color-Doppler sonography remains a good adjunct to PSA assay to optimally select candidates to TRUS guided biopsies. Moreover, it greatly contributes to the local staging of clinically localized prostate cancer by targeting biopsies of the periprostatic spaces and seminal vesicles, when indicated. Endorectal MRI permits to assert for a given individual occult extraprostatic spread with a 95% specificity. However, it is only useful in patients with intermediate or high risk of pT3 stage, defined by the number of sextants involved on biopsy, PSA level and digital rectal examination findings. Indications of CT scanner and bone scan scintigraphy follow similar rules.
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PMID:[Role of imaging in the diagnosis and staging of prostatic adenocarcinomas]. 1221 60

Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) provides a noninvasive method of detecting small molecular markers (historically the metabolites choline and citrate) within the cytosol and extracellular spaces of the prostate, and is performed in conjunction with high-resolution anatomic imaging. Recent studies in pre-prostatectomy patients have indicated that the metabolic information provided by MRSI combined with the anatomical information provided by MRI can significantly improve the assessment of cancer location and extent within the prostate, extracapsular spread, and cancer aggressiveness. Additionally, pre- and post-therapy studies have demonstrated the potential of MRI/MRSI to provide a direct measure of the presence and spatial extent of prostate cancer after therapy, a measure of the time course of response, and information concerning the mechanism of therapeutic response. In addition to detecting metabolic biomarkers of disease behavior and therapeutic response, MRI/MRSI guidance can improve tissue selection for ex vivo analysis. High-resolution magic angle spinning ((1)H HR-MAS) spectroscopy provides a full chemical analysis of MRI/MRSI-targeted tissues prior to pathologic and immunohistochemical analyses of the same tissue. Preliminary (1)H HR-MAS spectroscopy studies have already identified unique spectral patterns for healthy glandular and stromal tissues and prostate cancer, determined the composition of the composite in vivo choline peak, and identified the polyamine spermine as a new metabolic marker of prostate cancer. The addition of imaging sequences that provide other functional information within the same exam (dynamic contrast uptake imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging) have also demonstrated the potential to further increase the accuracy of prostate cancer detection and characterization.
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PMID:Combined magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopic imaging approach to molecular imaging of prostate cancer. 1235 59

A 72-year-old man was admitted to our department with the complaint of nocturia. PSA was elevated to 18.2 ng/ml. Transrectal ultrasonography, CT scan and MRI showed multilocular cystic lesions at the posterior site of the prostate, with rectal and bladder invasion and lymph node metastasis. Transrectal needle biopsy of the prostate and fluid aspiration of the prostatic cyst were performed. The aspirated fluid was bloody, but the result of cytology was negative. Histopathological examination of the needle biopsy specimen revealed ductal carcinoma of the prostate. We diagnosed this case as a T4N1M0 prostatic cancer, and started endocrine therapy. Thirty-nine cases of adenocarcinoma of the prostate with cystic formation in the Japanese literature are reviewed.
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PMID:[Ductal carcinoma of the prostate with multilocular cystic formation]. 1240 83

Molecular imaging is defined as the characterization and measurement of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level. Molecular imaging, therefore, necessitates a sufficient amount of contrast agent within the cell. Consequently, we realized that the intracellular uptake and cell compartment specificity of the commonly used interstitial contrast agent gadolinium (Gd(3+)) with a cell-nucleus directed peptide module could be helpful. This modular molecule is characterized by a Gd(3+)-complex module that is bound to a transmembrane transport unit (TPU) of human origin and further to a nucleus-directed address module (nuclear localization sequence) resulting in a specific cell nucleus-directed nuclear localization sequence-conjugated Gd(3+)-complex (CNN-Gd(3+)-complex). By use of magnetic resonance imaging, Gd(3+) was detected within DU-145 prostate cancer cells after only 10 min. The nuclear localization was confirmed with confocal laser scanning microscopy. The resulting MRI signal enhancement only slightly decreased over the next 48 h compared with an absolute loss of signal enhancement after only 8 h when a random target sequence was used. Therefore, our method seems promising for in vivo application in molecular imaging.
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PMID:CNN-Gd(3+) enables cell nucleus molecular imaging of prostate cancer cells: the last 600 nm. 1246 Sep 22

Samples of metastatic prostate cancer to bone are difficult to obtain. The aim of this study was to compare the results of bone marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy for obtaining metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) samples using previous diagnostic planar 99(m)Tc-HDP bone scans to guide the procedure. All samples taken were for the purposes of research and molecular studies on HRPC. Twenty patients with HRPC had bone marrow aspirate and trephines taken from lesions in the posterior superior iliac spine or sacro-iliac region when shown on diagnostic 99(m)Tc-HDP bone scans. Three patients also underwent plain X-ray, 18F-positron emission tomography bone scan, pelvic MRI scan and 99(m)Tc nanocolloid bone marrow scans. These images were used to assess if the extra imaging information provided, such as three-dimensional localisation of the bone metastases, was of value for target bone metastases. Cancer cells were obtained in 15/20 (75%) cases in which a trephine biopsy was attempted and 0/20 of cases in which a bone marrow aspiration was attempted. The additional information provided by the range of other imaging investigations was of little benefit in obtaining tumour samples, but did suggest why negative biopsies were obtained in some cases after targeting with planar bone scans. We recommend the use of bone marrow trephine biopsy alone, guided by previous diagnostic 99(m)Tc planar bone scan as a practical method to obtain prostate cancer cells from bone metastases.
Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2002
PMID:The comparative values of bone marrow aspirate and trephine for obtaining bone scan-targeted metastases from hormone-refractory prostate cancer. 1249 5

Current and emerging three- and four-dimensional medical imaging modalities, along with development of efficient 3-D computer rendering and modeling of multidimensional volume image data and image-guided navigation, are significantly advancing our capabilities for improved and minimally invasive diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer, obviating the need for exploratory surgery, physical dissection, blind biopsies and mental reconstruction of anatomy and pathology. Currently, both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures require x-ray fluoroscopy, transrectal ultrasound, CT and/or MRI for assessing the condition of the prostate and/or the outcome of any therapeutic procedure. New imaging approaches based on three-dimensional ultrasound transducers placed on catheters for easy insertion into the urethra are demonstrating significant promise for improved diagnosis and treatment of prostate disease. Microwave thermal ablation shows promise for reduction of prostate size and tumor volume, and preliminary data from cryosurgery suggests improvements in tumor reduction and/or management while minimizing the risk of serious complications. Prostate brachytherapy is becoming a more popular and effective alternative to surgery. All of these methods, either independently or combined through image fusion, are providing an exciting and rapid evolution in capabilities for visualizing the prostate and its anatomic environment, extending from physical to functional forms and from macro to micro orders of scale. Traversing the scale distances between these imaged objects within the prostate and its environs will be made automatic and instantaneous in the near future with the expected advances in miniaturization of powerful computing and electronic sensing elements. Imaging devices will continue to improve in resolution, speed and affordability and will be deployed harmlessly within the body, as well as outside of it. Diagnosis and therapy of prostate disease will become fully noninvasive and synchronous.
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PMID:Three-dimensional visualization and analysis in prostate cancer. 1253 72

The goal of this research is to register real-time interventional magnetic resonance imaging (iMRI) slice images with a previously obtained high-resolution MRI image volume, which in turn can be registered with functional images such as those from SPECT. The immediate application is in iMRI-guided treatment of prostate cancer, where additional images are desired to improve tumor targeting. In this article, simulation experiments are performed to demonstrate the feasibility of slice-to-volume registration for this application. We acquired 3D volume images from a 1.5-T MRI system and simulated low-field iMRI image slices by creating thick slices and adding noise. We created a slice-to-volume mutual information registration algorithm with special features to improve robustness. Features included a multiresolution approach, two similarity measures, and automatic restarting to avoid local minima. To assess the quality of registration, we calculated 3D displacements on a voxel-by-voxel basis over a volume of interest between slice-to-volume registration and volume-to-volume registration, which was previously shown to be quite accurate. More than 800 registration experiments were performed on MR images of three volunteers. The slice-to-volume registration algorithm was very robust and accurate for transverse slice images covering the prostate, with a registration error of only 0.4 +/- 0.2 mm. Error was greater at other slice orientations and positions. The automatic slice-to-volume mutual information registration algorithm is robust and probably sufficiently accurate to aid in iMRI-guided treatment of prostate cancer.
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PMID:Automatic 3D registration for interventional MRI-guided treatment of prostate cancer. 1258 78

Visualisation of primary prostate cancer, its relapse and its metastases is a clinically relevant problem despite the availability of state-of-the-art methods such as CT, MRI, transrectal ultrasound and fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ((18)F-FDG PET). The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of carbon-11 acetate and (18)F-FDG PET in the detection of prostate cancer and its metastases. Twenty-five patients were investigated during the follow-up of primary prostate cancer, suspected relapse or metastatic disease using (11)C-acetate PET; 15 of these patients were additionally investigated using (18)F-FDG PET. Fourteen patients were receiving anti-androgen treatment at the time of the investigation. Lesions were detected in 20/24 (83%) patients using (11)C-acetate PET and in 10/15 (75%) patients using (18)F-FDG PET. Based on the results of both PET scans, one patient was diagnosed with recurrent lung cancer. Median (18)F-FDG uptake exceeded that of (11)C-acetate in distant metastases (SUV =3.2 vs 2.3). However, in local recurrence and in regional lymph node metastases, (11)C-acetate uptake (median SUVs =2.9 and 3.8, respectively) was higher than that of (18)F-FDG (median SUVs =1.0 and 1.1, respectively). A positive correlation was observed between serum PSA level and both (11)C-acetate uptake and (18)F-FDG uptake. (11)C-acetate seems more useful than (18)F-FDG in the detection of local recurrences and regional lymph node metastases. (18)F-FDG, however, appears to be more accurate in visualising distant metastases. There may be a role for combined (11)C-acetate/(18)F-FDG PET in the follow-up of patients with prostate cancer and persisting or increasing PSA.
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PMID:Positron emission tomography with 11C-acetate and 18F-FDG in prostate cancer patients. 1258 76

A three-dimensional warping registration algorithm was created and compared to rigid body registration of magnetic resonance (MR) pelvic volumes including the prostate. The rigid body registration method combines the advantages of mutual information (MI) and correlation coefficient at different resolutions. Warping registration is based upon independent optimization of many interactively placed control points (CP's) using MI and a thin plate spline transformation. More than 100 registration experiments with 17 MR volume pairs determined the quality of registration under conditions simulating potential interventional MRI-guided treatments of prostate cancer. For image pairs that stress rigid body registration (e.g. supine, the diagnostic position, and legs raised, the treatment position), both visual and numerical evaluation methods showed that warping consistently worked better than rigid body. Experiments showed that approximately 180 strategically placed CP's were sufficiently expressive to capture important features of the deformation.
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PMID:A comparative study of warping and rigid body registration for the prostate and pelvic MR volumes. 1263 11


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