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A proportionate mortality study of a cohort of golf course superintendents was conducted using death certificates for 686 deceased members of the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America who died from 1970 to 1992. White males were included in the study population from all 50 states. The study objective was to compare mortality from this cohort to the general U.S. white male population. The proportionate mortality ratio (PMR) for all types of cancer was 136 (CI: 121, 152). Significant excess mortality from smoking-related diseases was observed. The PMR for arteriosclerotic heart disease was 140, which was significantly elevated (CI: 127, 155). In addition, the PMR for all respiratory diseases was 176 (CI: 135,230), while the PMR for emphysema was 186 (CI: 101,342). The PMR for lung cancer was 117 (CI: 93, 148). Mortality for four cancer types--brain, lymphoma (non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, NHL), prostate, and large intestine--occurred at elevated levels within this cohort: brain cancer PMR = 234 (CI: 121,454), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) PMR = 237 (CI: 137,410), prostate cancer PMR = 293 (CI: 187,460), and large intestine cancer PMR = 175 (CI: 125,245). The PMR for diseases of the nervous system was 202 (CI: 123,333). A similar pattern of elevated NHL, brain, and prostate cancer mortality along with excess deaths from diseases of the nervous system has been noted among other occupational cohorts exposed to pesticides.
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PMID:Proportionate mortality study of golf course superintendents. 913 Dec 18

An update of a cohort study of 4855 employees at a Paulsboro, New Jersey refinery was conducted to further examine mortality patterns. The earlier study investigated refinery workers employed for a minimum of 1 year between 1 January 1946 and 1 January 1979. The vital status of these workers was ascertained through 1979. The update extended enrollment in the study and vital status follow-up for an additional 8 years (1980-1987). As in the previous study, mortality from all causes [standardized mortality ratio (SMR) = 87; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 83-91] was significantly lower than expected compared with the general population. Total cancer mortality was also lower than expected (SMR = 96; 95% CI: 86-106). A borderline significant mortality increase in prostatic cancer was found (SMR = 144; 95% CI: 106-190). This increase was similar to the nonsignificant increase reported in the original study (SMR = 135; 95% CI: 90-196). The excess was of comparable magnitude among white males and nonwhite males, although it was not significant for the latter. Detailed analysis indicated that the prostatic cancer was not likely to be related to employment at the refinery. Mortality from lymphatic and hematopoietic cancers was similar to the expected mortality. Mortality from overall leukemia was as expected and detailed analyses by specific cell type showed no increase. An increase in mortality occurred from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among male workers (SMR = 132; 95% CI: 74-217). The increase was not statistically significant and unlikely to be associated with refinery employment. Mortality from multiple myeloma among male employees was lower than expected (SMR = 74; 95% CI: 20-190). Mortality from asbestos-related diseases (pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer, malignant mesothelioma) was also lower than expected among male workers. No cause-specific mortality was found to be associated with duration of employment at the refinery, including several causes which have been reported to be elevated in previous studies. The findings of this updated study indicate, as in the previous report, the generally favorable mortality experience of Paulsboro refinery workers.
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PMID:An updated cohort mortality study of workers at a northeastern United States petroleum refinery. 883 92

The population-based Connecticut Tumor Registry was used to examine recent trends (1980-84 to 1990-94) in average annual age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs) for invasive cancers. Noteworthy were the increase for lung cancer in women (but a decline in men), the sharp increase for prostate cancer (but little change in female breast cancer), increases for melanoma of skin (both sexes) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (especially in males), and declines for colon and rectum (both sexes). Reducing cancer incidence rates will require expanded primary prevention efforts, involving mainly behavioral or life-style changes, with an important role for primary-care physicians.
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PMID:Trends in cancer incidence in Connecticut. 914 83

To arrive at a reasonable estimate of the total need for radiotherapy, the various descriptions of population trends and measures of cancer trends must be studied concurrently. Incidence and mortality are well documented by official statistics. All prognoses are based on these measures, the official population statistics, and the 1989 population prognosis from Statistics Sweden. Incidence, mortality, and prevalence may be considered either individually or together as indirect measures of the need for radiotherapy at different stages for different types of cancer. Incidence, ie, the number of cases of disease onset during a given period, shows the indirect need for curative radiotherapy, eg, for breast cancer, laryngeal cancer, gynecological tumor types, and head and neck cancer. The projected average annual mean increase in total incidence is 1.0%. Mortality may be used as an indirect measure of the need for palliative treatment for recurring cancer, eg, for bone metastases, prostate cancer, lung cancer, or breast cancer. The mean increase is estimated at 0.9% per year. Likewise, prevalence can be an indirect measure of the need for palliative treatment for cancer diseases of a chronic nature, eg, prostate cancer and multiple myeloma. The total mean increase per year has been estimated at 2.0%. The total need for radiotherapy in the future should be viewed against the background of all these descriptive measures. Assessment must also consider numerous other factors that directly influence need. A change in the indications for treatment can quickly increase the need for radiotherapy, eg, the benefits of radiotherapy for noninvasive breast cancer are currently being studied. Even a change in the indications for surgical intervention for small tumors in the breast influence the need for primary curative radiotherapy in this large group of patients. Likewise, a shift in staging the primary diagnosis, eg, in head and neck cancer, and changes in fractionation (hyperfractionation) may substantially influence need. This is addressed further in another section of the report. The largest single group of cancer patients who receive radiotherapy are those with bone metastases (25% of the total). The size of this group, and thereby the potential unsatisfied need, is largely unknown since no statistics show the prevalence of metastases in the population. This group is comprised mainly of patients that were primarily diagnosed with prostate cancer, breast cancer, and lung cancer. Concerning lung cancer, incidence trends probably provide the best measure of changes in the number of bone metastases over time. The annual increase in incidence has been estimated at 1.5%. As for breast cancer and prostate cancer, mortality trends provide more information about trends in the number of bone metastases. Both types of cancer increased by 1.9% per year. Chapter 6 presents the types of cancer for which radiotherapy is usually given. The projected trends show that each of these cancer diagnoses, except lung cancer in men and cervical cancer in women, are expected to increase in number until the year 2010. Prevalence is expected to increase even more, particularly cancer in the rectum, breast, and prostate. Also, the number of cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is expected to nearly double by 2010.
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PMID:Cancer trends in Sweden until 2010. 915 84

The mortality experience of 7,119 workers who were employed at a Beaumont, Texas, refinery for at least 1 year between 1945 and 1987 was investigated. Mortality analyses based on standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) showed overall mortality was significantly lower than expected compared with the U.S. general population (SMR = 82, 95% CI = 79-86). Total cancer mortality was also lower than expected (SMR = 92, 95% CI = 84-100). Significant mortality deficits from several malignant and nonmalignant diseases were reported. A significant mortality increase in the broad category of lymphatic and hematopoietic cancers was found (SMR = 133, 95% CI = 103-170). This increase was attributed to a nonsignificant elevation in leukemia of all cell types combined (SMR = 139, 95% CI = 92-201) and a borderline significant increase in other lymphatic tissue cancer (SMR = 158, 95% CI = 101-235). The elevation in leukemia was confined to workers hired before 1950. Furthermore, the leukemia excess was shown to have peaked during the 1960s, with mortality no longer elevated post-1980. Analyses of cell type-specific leukemias showed a similar temporal pattern for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) which was not significantly elevated (SMR = 136, 95% CI = 59-268). Mortality from other leukemia cell types was similar to or lower than expected. Mortality from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) (SMR = 140, 95% CI = 88-211) and multiple myeloma (MM) (SMR = 121, 95% CI = 55-230) were increased, but neither was statistically significant nor likely to be related to refinery employment. No death from asbestosis was reported, and mortality from mesothelioma and pulmonary fibrosis was lower than expected. Lung cancer mortality for the overall cohort was similar to expected. For the overall cohort, analyses by duration of employment and time since first employment showed no evidence of any trends for increasing cause-specific mortality. Separate analyses of male workers employed in operator jobs showed mortality patterns that were more favorable than those of the total cohort. Maintenance craftworkers showed statistically significant elevations in mortality for prostate cancer (SMR = 145, 95% CI = 107-194), leukemia (SMR = 179, 95% CI = 111-273), and other lymphatic tissue cancer (SMR = 233, 95% CI = 138-368). Detailed analyses indicated that, among maintenance craftworkers, mortality was elevated for AML, NHL, and MM, but none was significant. Furthermore, no upward trend by duration of maintenance jobs was observed. A small increase of lung cancer was observed among maintenance craftworkers (SMR = 120, 95% CI = 99-145), which was borderline significant. No relationship between lung cancer and duration of maintenance employment was found. In contrast, a deficit of pulmonary fibrosis was reported among maintenance craftworkers (SMR = 62, 95% CI = 17-159). These findings are discussed in conjunction with results from other refinery studies, and the limitations of the study are discussed.
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PMID:An updated mortality study of workers at a petroleum refinery in Beaumont, Texas. 940 30

Using data from a case-control study in the United States (the Selected Cancers Study), we examined the relationship between non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and family history of different cancers. Cases were 1,511 men aged 31 to 59 years and diagnosed pathologically with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma during 1984-88. Controls were men, frequency-matched to cases by age range and cancer registry (n = 1,910). All study subjects with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were excluded from analyses. Our results showed that the risk of NHL is associated with a history of lymphoma (odds ratio [OR] = 3.0, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.7-5.2) and hematologic cancer (OR = 2.0, CI = 1.2-3.4) in first-degree relatives after adjustment for age, ethnic background, and educational level. Further analyses were performed for the subgroups defined by age at diagnosis (younger than 45 years cf 45 years or older). The association of NHL with a family history of lymphoma and hematologic cancer was found primarily among men aged 45 and older (OR = 4.1, CI = 1.9-8.8 for lymphoma and OR = 2.3, CI = 1.3-4.0 for hematologic cancer). The association among men aged 45 and older did not vary by whether or not there were any familial patients diagnosed at the age of 45 or older. No significant associations could be found for a family history of lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, skin cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer, brain cancer, thyroid cancer, or myeloma. This study suggests that the familial risk of NHL is influenced primarily by hematolymphoproliferative malignancies rather than other cancers. The familial effects of hematolymphoproliferative malignancies may be stronger for men aged 45 to 59, compared with those aged 31 to 44.
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PMID:Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and family history of malignant tumors in a case-control study (United States). 948 66

Almost all studies which have reported variation in cancer incidence and mortality rates across urbanization gradients have found higher rates in urban populations than in rural areas. Findings are presented from a study conducted to identify urban-rural trends in cancer mortality rates during 1982-91 for municipalities in Taiwan. The countries municipalities were classified as rural, suburban, urban, or metropolitan, using population density as an ordinal indicator of the degree of urbanization. Average annual age-adjusted, site-specific cancer mortality rates were calculated for both sexes within each population density group. Significant increasing trends with more urbanization were observed in mortality rates for cancers of the lung, pancreas, and kidney among both men and women, as well as male prostate cancer and female breast and ovary cancer. The study also found a significant rural excess for non-melanoma skin cancer among men and women, as well as male non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and cancers of the female bone and connective tissue.
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PMID:The relationship between population density and cancer mortality in Taiwan. 961 39

TRAF-4 was discovered because of its expression in breast cancers and is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor (TRAF) family of putative signal-transducing proteins. In vitro binding assays demonstrated that TRAF-4 interacts with the cytosolic domain of the lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LT beta R) and weakly with the p75 nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) but not with TNFR1, TNFR2, Fas, or CD40. Immunofluorescence analysis of TRAF-4 in transfected cells demonstrated localization to cytosol but not nucleus. Immunohistochemical assays of normal human adult tissues revealed prominent cytosolic immunostaining in thymic epithelial cells and lymph node dendritic cells but not in lymphocytes or thymocytes, paralleling the reported patterns of LT beta R expression. The basal cell layer of most epithelia in the body was very strongly TRAF-4 immunopositive, including epidermis, nasopharynx, respiratory tract, salivary gland, and esophagus. Similar findings were obtained in 12- to 18-week human fetal tissue, indicating a highly restricted pattern of expression even during development in the mammary gland, epithelial cells of the terminal ducts were strongly TRAF-4 immunopositive whereas myoepithelial cells and most of the mammary epithelial cells lining the extralobular ducts were TRAF-4 immunonegative. Of 84 primary breast cancers evaluated, only 7 expressed TRAF-4. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) lesions were uniformly TRAF-4 immunonegative (n = 21). In the prostate, the basal cells were strongly immunostained for TRAF-4, whereas the secretory epithelial cells were TRAF-4 negative. Basal cells in prostate hypertrophy (n = 6) and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN; n = 6) were strongly TRAF-4 positive, but none of the 32 primary and 16 metastatic prostate cancer specimens examined contained TRAF-4-positive malignant cells. Although also expressed in some types of mesenchymal cells, these findings suggest that TRAF-4 is a marker of normal epithelial stem cells, the expression of which often ceases on differentiation and malignant transformation.
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PMID:TRAF-4 expression in epithelial progenitor cells. Analysis in normal adult, fetal, and tumor tissues. 984 90

The PTEN/MMAC1 gene at 10q23.3, which has dual specific phosphatase activity, is a novel tumor suppressor gene candidate. Various kinds of tumors have mutations in this gene, including glioblastoma, endometrial carcinoma and prostate cancer. We examined 29 cases of primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) for mutations in the PTEN/MMAC1 gene. One case of diffuse large B cell lymphoma had an 11 bp deletion, but the remaining 28 cases showed no mutations in the genome. Two of these 28 cases showed missense mutations in the PTEN/MMAC1 transcripts, but no alterations in the genomic DNA. These mRNA missense variants are similar to PTEN/MMAC1 transcript aberrations which have been reported in patients with breast cancer. These findings suggest that alterations in the PTEN/MMAC1 gene play a role in the pathogenesis of NHL.
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PMID:Mutational analysis of the PTEN/MMAC1 gene in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. 969 84

Mitoguazone (methylglyoxal bisguanylhydrazone, methyl-GAG or MGBG) is a synthetic polycarbonyl derivative with activity in patients with Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, head and neck cancer, prostate cancer, and esophageal cancer. Mitoguazone has also recently been documented to have activity in patients with AIDS-related lymphoma. Among anticancer drugs, mitoguazone has a unique mechanism of action via interference with the polyamine biosynthetic pathway. Polyamines stabilize DNA structure by non-covalent cross-bridging between phosphate groups on opposite strands. In addition, mitoguazone causes uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. In this study, the ability of mitoguazone to induce apoptosis by inhibiting the polyamine pathway was assessed in three Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines (Raji, Ramos and Daudi) and one prostate carcinoma cell line (MPC 3). Additional evaluations were performed in two human breast cancer cell lines (MCF7 with wild-type p53 and VM4K with mutated p53) to determine whether the p53 tumor suppressor gene was required for efficient apoptosis induction. The present study demonstrated that mitoguazone induces apoptosis in all the different human cancer cell lines tested in a concentration- and time-dependent way, and triggers a p53-independent programmed cell death in the human breast cancer MCF7 cell line.
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PMID:Mitoguazone induces apoptosis via a p53-independent mechanism. 977 8


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