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Query: UMLS:C0376358 (prostate cancer)
 59,338 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The success of a screening programme for cancer depends on the sensitivity of the tests used and on the proportion of the target population that comes forward for screening. To assess the value of digital rectal screening and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurement as screening measures, the 814 men in a city general practice aged between 55 and 70 were recruited in one of five different ways. Men with a palpably suspicious prostate or a serum PSA greater than 4 ng/ml were referred for transrectal ultrasonography and, if indicated, biopsy. 472 men (58%) were screened; of these 68 underwent transrectal ultrasonography and 29 biopsy. In 7 the biopsy specimen showed carcinoma. Serum PSA was better than digital examination as a screening test--all men with prostate cancer had raised concentrations of serum PSA, whereas only 1 had a palpably abnormal prostate. All 7 had localised disease, and 5 underwent radical prostatectomy. The best methods of patient recruitment were to send an appointment for screening and to "tag" the patient's notes.
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PMID:Pilot study of screening for prostate cancer in general practice. 171 3

The principles for screening for detection of early prostate cancer in the Federal Republic of Germany are described. Men are entitled from the beginning of their 45th year of life to an examination for early detection of cancerous diseases once annually and this examination is paid for by the insurance system. In the age group around 60 years about 15% of the men participate. Among 1,341,833 men participating in 1987, 1,638 new cases of prostate cancer were detected. The proportion of cases suitable for total prostatectomy has increased considerably since the screening program was introduced and now stands at about 25% in the author's department. The survival rate of this group is comparable to that of the general population, when adjusted for age distribution. It is suggested that screening for prostate cancer might reduce the mortality of this disease.
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PMID:Screening for prostatic cancer. The German experience. 202 20

A population-based case-control study was used to investigate associations between prostate cancer and cadmium exposure, longest industry held, and longest occupation held. The study included 358 men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer and 679 control men identified from the Utah population. Occupational exposures to cadmium were ascertained from self-reported data, through several a priori suspect industries and occupations, through an occupation-exposure linkage system, and through dietary food frequency questionnaires. Overall, cadmium exposure appeared to result in a small increased relative risk for prostate cancer, most apparent for aggressive tumors (OR = 1.7, CI = 1.0-3.1 for any occupational exposure, high dietary intake, or smoking cigarettes). Cases were more likely to have worked in the following industries: mining, paper and wood, medicine and science, and entertainment and recreation. Among men younger than 67, cases were also more likely to have worked in the food and tobacco industries (OR = 3.6, CI = 1.0-12.8). Cases were less likely to have worked in industries involved with glass, clay and stone, or rubber, plastics, and synthetics. Men employed as janitors and in other building service occupations showed increased relative risk for aggressive tumors (OR = 7.0, CI = 2.5-19.6). Agricultural occupations did not appear to be related to prostate cancer, although an increased relative risk for aggressive tumors was detected among younger men (OR = 2.6, CI = 0.6-12.1).
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PMID:Occupation, cadmium exposure, and prostate cancer. 207 96

A case-control study was performed to estimate the relative risk of developing prostate cancer for men with a positive family history. Extensive cancer pedigrees were obtained on 691 men with prostate cancer and 640 spouse controls. Fifteen percent of the cases but only 8% of the controls had a father or brother affected with prostate cancer (P less than .001). Men with a father or brother affected were twice as likely to develop prostate cancer as men with no relatives affected. In addition, there was a trend of increasing risk with increasing number of affected family members such that men with two or three first degree relatives affected had a five and 11-fold increased risk of developing prostate cancer. Recognizing that 9-10% of U.S. men will develop prostate cancer in their lifetime, men with a family history of prostate cancer should be advised of their significantly increased prostate cancer risk and should undergo appropriate screening measures for this disease.
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PMID:Family history and the risk of prostate cancer. 225 Dec 25

Three factors were identified in a multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in men with metastatic prostate cancer as significantly associated with their progression-free survival: 1) extent of disease on the bone scan, 2) pretreatment serum testosterone, and 3) performance status. Men with less than six bone metastases, a pretreatment testosterone greater than 300 ng/100 ml, and an excellent performance status will have a progression-free survival much longer than a man with more extensive bone metastases, a low testosterone prior to androgen deprivation, and a poor performance status. This information should be used to ensure proper stratification in randomized trials. It may also be helpful in identifying the patient unlikely to be helped by our current treatment. Such patients should be considered for alternative approaches with the aim of improving survival.
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PMID:The importance of prognostic factors in advanced prostate cancer. 239 45

A population-based, case-control study of prostate cancer in Utah was used to assess reported food-consumption patterns for the adolescent and adult years. Men reported eating eggs, whole milk, butter, white bread, cereals, and candy less frequently and red meat, fish, low-fat milk, cheese, yogurt, ice cream, margarine, fruits and vegetables, and whole-wheat bread more frequently as adults, indicating that diets changed in the hypothesized direction to correspond to national changes in food-consumption practices. Men who consumed a diet high in saturated fatty acids as adults were at a slightly increased risk of developing aggressive prostate cancer after adjusting for adolescent diet (odds ratio 1.8 comparing high with low intakes), whereas men who consumed a diet high in saturated fatty acids as adolescents were not at increased risk of developing these tumors after controlling for a diet high in saturated fatty acids as adults (odds ratio 1.1).
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PMID:Food-consumption trends between adolescent and adult years and subsequent risk of prostate cancer. 240 69

A case-control study of 371 prostate cancer patients and comparable control subjects admitted to Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI), Buffalo, New York, was conducted. Data were obtained from routine epidemiologic questionnaires administered to all patients on admission. An index of beta-carotene intake was computed based on the vitamin A activity of 27 fruits and vegetables included in a food frequency checklist. A similar measure of fat intake from meats was computed based on nine meats included in the checklist. Intake frequencies of common and alcoholic beverages also were studied. A significant age-adjusted and residence-adjusted protective effect for high levels of beta-carotene intake was observed (relative risk [RR], 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37 to 0.99). This effect was evident particularly among men 68 years of age and younger (RR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.13 to 0.66), but not among subjects older than 68 years of age. A trend toward increased risk for fat intake was not significant. However, the reported usual consumption of high-fat milk was associated with increased risk (RR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.05 to 3.50). A greater reported frequency of whole milk intake was similarly associated with increased risk. Men who reported drinking three or more glasses of whole milk daily had an RR of 2.49 (95% CI, 1.27 to 4.87), compared with men who reported never drinking whole milk. When these findings are evaluated in the context of other recent studies, the weight of the evidence appears to favor the hypothesis that animal fat intake is related to increased risk of prostate cancer.
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PMID:Beta-carotene and animal fats and their relationship to prostate cancer risk. A case-control study. 274 55

Most patients with metastatic prostate cancer will have metastasis to bone. Such patients are best monitored by serial radionuclide bone scans. One hundred sixty six men with bone metastasis from prostate cancer who received androgen deprivation therapy had their pretreatment bone scans reviewed using a semiquantitative grading system based upon the extent of disease (EOD) observed on the scan. The EOD on the scan correlated with survival. The 2-year survival rates for EOD I to IV were 94%, 74%, 68%, and 40%, respectively. The survival of patients in categories EOD I and IV significantly differed from the other categories. Men with metastatic prostate cancer entered into trials designed to evaluate the impact of treatment on survival should be stratified based upon the EOD on the bone scan. This analysis also indicates that patients in the EOD IV category have a particularly poor prognosis and may be candidates for alternative treatments.
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PMID:Stratification of patients with metastatic prostate cancer based on extent of disease on initial bone scan. 333 48

In a prospective study, mortality ratios were computed in relation to overweight, cancer, and other diseases. The study included 750 000 men and women followed for 12 years. Each person was given a weight index. Death rates for overweight and underweight persons were compared with rates for persons of average weight. Men who were 40% or more overweight had a mortality ratio for cancer of 1.33; women, 1.55. This ratio was much lower than that for coronary heart disease (men, 1.95; and women, 2.07); diabetes (5.19 and 7.90), and digestive diseases (3.99 and 2.29). Overweight men had significantly higher mortality ratios for colorectal and prostate cancer; overweight women had much higher rates for cancer of the endometrium, gall bladder, and cervix; and also significantly higher rates for ovary and breast cancer.
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PMID:Overweight and cancer. 406 20

Researchers compared data on 91 men who had undergone vasectomy at least 10 years earlier with data on 91 healthy men matched for age, weight, height, and neighborhood who had not undergone vasectomy to examine whether the link between vasectomy and prostate cancer is based on changes in serum hormone levels. All the men lived in suburban Xiangtan in Hunan Province, China. Cases had a higher mean serum dihydrotestosterone level than controls (1.18 vs. 1.05 nmol/l; p 0.05). Yet men who had undergone vasectomy less than 20 years earlier not only had a higher dihydrotestosterone level than age-matched controls (1.46 vs. 1.22 nmol/l; p 0.01) but had a lower testosterone/dihydrotestosterone ratio (14.5 vs. 20.1; p 0.005). On the other hand, men who had undergone vasectomy more than 20 years earlier had a higher testosterone level than age-matched controls (27.2 vs. 23.9 nmol/l; p 0.05). Men who had undergone vasectomy when they were less than 35 years old had a higher FSH level and those who were 35-39 years old at vasectomy had a higher dihydrotestosterone level than age-matched controls (19.5 vs. 14.8 mIU/ml and 1.31 vs. 1.09 nmol/l) (p 0.05). Even though men who were at least 40 years old at vasectomy had a higher dihydrotestosterone level than matching controls (1.24 vs. 1.09 nmol/l), the difference was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that vasectomy may cause a reduction in testosterone levels by minimizing the conversion from testosterone to dihydrotestosterone in the long term. Thus, they support the hypothesis that a long-term effect of vasectomy may be an elevated risk of prostate cancer. More research is needed to confirm or refute this hypothesis.
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PMID:Early and late long-term effects of vasectomy on serum testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels. 886 15


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