UMLS:C0376358 - FACTA Search

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Query: UMLS:C0376358 (prostate cancer)
59,338 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Binding of activated forms of the proteinase inhibitor alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M*) to cell surface-associated GRP78 on 1-LN human prostate cancer cells causes their proliferation. We have now examined the interplay between Akt activation, regulation of apoptosis, the unfolded protein response, and activation of NF-kappaB in alpha2M*-induced proliferation of 1-LN cells. Exposure of cells to alpha2M* (50 pM) induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent activation of Akt by phosphorylation at Thr-308 and Ser-473 with a concomitant 60-80% increase in Akt-associated kinase activity. ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK were also activated, but there was only a marginal effect on JNK activation. Treatment of 1-LN cells with alpha2M* down-regulated apoptosis and promoted NF-kappaB activation as shown by increases of Bcl-2, p-Bad(Ser-136), p-FOXO1(Ser-253), p-GSK3beta(Ser-9), XIAP, NF-kappaB, cyclin D1, GADD45beta, p-ASK1(Ser-83), and TRAF2 in a time of incubation-dependent manner. alpha2M* treatment of 1-LN cells, however, showed no increase in the activation of caspase -3, -9, or -12. Under these conditions, we observed increased unfolded protein response signaling as evidenced by elevated levels of GRP78, IRE1alpha, XBP-1, ATF4, ATF6, p-PERK, p-eIF2alpha, and GADD34 and reduced levels of GADD153. Silencing of GRP78 gene expression by RNAi suppressed activation of Akt(Thr-308), Akt(Ser-473), and IkappaB kinase alpha kinase. The effects of alpha2M* on the NF-kappaB activation, antiapoptotic signaling, unfolded protein response signaling, and proapoptotic signaling were also reversed by this treatment. In conclusion, alpha2M* promotes cellular proliferation of 1-LN prostate cancer cells by activating MAPK and Akt-dependent signaling, down-regulating apoptotic signaling, and activating unfolded protein response signaling.
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PMID:Activation and cross-talk between Akt, NF-kappaB, and unfolded protein response signaling in 1-LN prostate cancer cells consequent to ligation of cell surface-associated GRP78. 1654 32

Ezrin is a key signaling molecule that regulates cell survival, adhesion migration, and invasion. We have previously shown that ezrin is regulated by androgen in rat prostate and that its expression is increased in prostate cancer and in prostate intraepithelial neoplasia. We have used the androgen-sensitive cell line LNCaP-FGC to investigate the role of ezrin in androgen-induced cell invasion. We found that androgen treatment of LNCaP-FGC cells induces ezrin expression, an effect that is inhibited by the androgen receptor antagonist, bicalutamide. In addition, androgen treatment induces the phosphorylation of ezrin in Thr-567 and Tyr-353 in a sequential manner. This is mediated through protein kinase C alpha and Src tyrosine kinase, respectively. Androgen treatment induces the translocation of both protein kinase C alpha and ezrin to the cell membrane and their association. Inhibition of ezrin function using short interference RNA or the overexpression of T567A and Y353F-ezrin mutants significantly reduces androgen-induced Matrigel invasion but does not affect cell proliferation or cell adhesion. Matrigel invasion of the androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and LNCaP-R is also dependent on ezrin. In summary, we have shown that androgens regulate ezrin at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Hormonal regulation of ezrin phosphorylation is required for androgen-induced cell invasion.
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PMID:Androgen induction of prostate cancer cell invasion is mediated by ezrin. 1687 75

Serine/threonine kinase Fused (Fu) is an essential component of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in Drosophila, but the biochemical functions of Fu remain unclear. Here, we have investigated proteins co-precipitated with mammalian Fu and identified a kinase-specific chaperone complex, Cdc37/Hsp90, as a novel-binding partner of Fu. Inhibition of Hsp90 function by geldanamycin (GA) induces rapid degradation of Fu through a ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. We next show that co-expression of Fu with transcription factors Gli1 and Gli2 significantly increases their protein levels and luciferase reporter activities, which are blocked by GA. These increases can be ascribed to Fu-mediated stabilization of Gli because co-expression of Fu prolongs half-life of Gli1 and reduces polyubiquitination of Gli1. Finally, we show that GA inhibits proliferation of PC3, a Hh signaling-activated prostate cancer cell line. This growth inhibition is partially rescued by expression of ectopic Gli1, suggesting that Fu may contribute to enhance Hh signaling activity in cancer cells.
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PMID:Fused kinase is stabilized by Cdc37/Hsp90 and enhances Gli protein levels. 1705 4

Mitochondria are the major source of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and mtDNA G10398A (Ala-->Thr) polymorphism, proposed to be involved in increased ROS production, has been shown in association with invasive breast cancer in African-American (AA) women [J.A. Canter, A.R. Kallianpur, F.F. Parl, R.C. Millikan, Mitochondrial DNA G10398A polymorphism and invasive breast cancer in African-American women, Cancer Res. 65 (2005) 8028-8033] and prostate cancer in AA men [M.P. Mims, T.G. Hayes, S. Zheng, S.M. Leal, A. Frolov, M.M. Ittmann, et al., Mitochondrial DNA G10398A polymorphism and invasive breast cancer in African-American women, Cancer Res. 66 (2006) 1880; author reply 1880-1881]. The role of mitochondria, however, in cancer development has been in question recently [A. Salas, Y.G. Yao, V. Macaulay, A. Vega, A. Carracedo, H.J. Bandelt, A critical reassessment of the role of mitochondria in tumorigenesis, PLoS Med. 2 (2005) e296], which has made it pertinent to analyze the data and test the hypotheses by conducting fresh case-control studies. This study, therefore, makes an attempt to validate the exclusive presence of mtG10398A (Ala-->Thr) polymorphism in a haplotype constituting mtDNA haplogroup N and its sublineages, imparting this group a higher risk for breast cancer, based on the re-analyses of approximately 1000 complete human mtDNA sequences worldwide and collated information on 2334 individuals belonging to 18 regions in India. The conclusion drawn of mt10398A allele providing a risk towards cancer is confirmed in a case-control comparison study of 124 sporadic breast cancer patients and 273 controls; and 55 squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus, ESCC, and 163 controls, matched for age, ethnicity and sex from north India. It is further apparent from the study that such a mtDNA polymorphism background provides a higher risk for the cancers of the tissues which could be affected by environmental insults directly as in the ESCC, observed with a high acquired (somatic) rate of mutation in p53 when compared to the breast cancer, suggesting that the mtDNA variants that arose as energetic adaptations, influence our health differentially under different environment conditions and a given genetic background of the mt genome.
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PMID:Mitochondrial DNA G10398A polymorphism imparts maternal Haplogroup N a risk for breast and esophageal cancer. 1708 85

Withaferin A (WA) is a steroidal lactone purified from medicinal plant "Indian Winter Cherry" that is widely researched for its variety of properties, including antitumor effects. However, the primary molecular target of WA is unknown. By chemical structure analysis, we hypothesized that Withaferin A might be a natural proteasome inhibitor. Computational modeling studies consistently predict that C1 and C24 of WA are highly susceptible toward a nucleophilic attack by the hydroxyl group of N-terminal threonine of the proteasomal chymotrypsin subunit beta5. Furthermore, WA potently inhibits the chymotrypsin-like activity of a purified rabbit 20S proteasome (IC50=4.5 microM) and 26S proteasome in human prostate cancer cultures (at 5-10 microM) and xenografts (4-8 mg/kg/day). Inhibition of prostate tumor cellular proteasome activity in cultures and in vivo by WA results in accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and three proteasome target proteins (Bax, p27, and IkappaB-alpha) accompanied by androgen receptor protein suppression (in androgen-dependent LNCaP cells) and apoptosis induction. Treatment of WA under conditions of the aromatic ketone reduction, or reduced form of Celastrol, had significantly decreased the proteasome-inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing activities. Treatment of human prostate PC-3 xenografts with WA for 24 days resulted in 70% inhibition of tumor growth in nude mice, associated with 56% inhibition of the tumor tissue proteasomal chymotrypsinlike activity. Our results demonstrate that the tumor proteasome beta5 subunit is the primary target of WA, and inhibition of the proteasomal chymotrypsin-like activity by WA in vivo is responsible for, or contributes to, the antitumor effect of this ancient medicinal compound.
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PMID:The tumor proteasome is a primary target for the natural anticancer compound Withaferin A isolated from "Indian winter cherry". 2581 35

Microtubules are crucial targets for cancer chemotherapeutic drugs, and new microtubule-directed agents are of continued interest in drug development. A novel microtubule-directed agent, ethyl-2-[N-rho-chlorobenzyl-(2'-methoxy)]-anilino-4-oxo -4, 5-dihydro-furan-3-carboxylate, was identified. The compound, designated K2154, inhibited cell proliferation, with IC(50) values of 10.3, 15.3, 9.6, 11.2, 12.8 and 12.1 muM in prostate cancer PC-3, hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B, non-small cell lung cancer A549, colorectal cancer HT29 and HCT116, and P-glycoprotein-rich breast cancer NCI/ADR-RES cells, respectively. Because NCI/ADR-RES cells were susceptible to inhibition by K2154, it indicated that this compound is a poor substrate for P-glycoprotein. In this study, PC-3 cells were used to identify the anticancer mechanisms of K2154. K2154 induced an arrest of the cell cycle at G2/M phase and a subsequent increase of hypodiploid phase in PC-3 cells, whereas it only induced a moderate level of G2/M arrest with little increase of hypodiploid phase in normal prostate cells. K2154 inhibited microtubule assembly in both in vitro turbidity assay and in vivo microtubule spin-down experiment. Immunochemical examination showed that K2154 caused formation of abnormal mitotic characteristics with bipolar spindles, particularly, in beta(II)- and beta(III)-tubulin staining. It also induced several pathways, including cyclin B1 up-regulation, dephosphorylation on Tyr(15) and phosphorylation on Thr(161) of Cdk1 and Cdc25C phosphorylation, and roscovitine (a Cdk1 inhibitor) significantly inhibited K2154-induced apoptosis, suggesting a pro-apoptotic role of Cdk1. Phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and cleavage of Mcl-1, together with activation of caspase-9 and -3, indicated that mitochondrial pathway played a central role in K2154-mediated apoptotic cell death. Additionally, AIF contributed to a late phase of K2154-induced apoptotic pathway. In conclusion, it is suggested that K2154 displays an anticancer activity through a target on microtubules and a subsequent signaling cascade on cell cycle regulation and apoptotic machinery.
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PMID:Investigation of anti-tumor mechanisms of K2154: characterization of tubulin isotypes, mitotic arrest and apoptotic machinery. 1710 38

The pim-1 kinase is a true oncogene that has been implicated in the development of leukemias, lymphomas, and prostate cancer, and is the target of drug development programs. We have used experimental approaches to identify a selective, cell-permeable, small-molecule inhibitor of the pim-1 kinase to foster basic and translational studies of the enzyme. We used an ELISA-based kinase assay to screen a diversity library of potential kinase inhibitors. The flavonol quercetagetin (3,3',4',5,6,7-hydroxyflavone) was identified as a moderately potent, ATP-competitive inhibitor (IC(50), 0.34 micromol/L). Resolution of the crystal structure of PIM1 in complex with quercetagetin or two other flavonoids revealed a spectrum of binding poses and hydrogen-bonding patterns in spite of strong similarity of the ligands. Quercetagetin was a highly selective inhibitor of PIM1 compared with PIM2 and seven other serine-threonine kinases. Quercetagetin was able to inhibit PIM1 activity in intact RWPE2 prostate cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner (ED(50), 5.5 micromol/L). RWPE2 cells treated with quercetagetin showed pronounced growth inhibition at inhibitor concentrations that blocked PIM1 kinase activity. Furthermore, the ability of quercetagetin to inhibit the growth of other prostate epithelial cell lines varied in proportion to their levels of PIM1 protein. Quercetagetin can function as a moderately potent and selective, cell-permeable inhibitor of the pim-1 kinase, and may be useful for proof-of-concept studies to support the development of clinically useful PIM1 inhibitors.
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PMID:Characterization of a potent and selective small-molecule inhibitor of the PIM1 kinase. 1721 38

NDRG1 is known to play important roles in both androgen-induced cell differentiation and inhibition of prostate cancer metastasis. However, the proteins associated with NDRG1 function are not fully enumerated. Using coimmunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analysis, we identified 58 proteins that interact with NDRG1 in prostate cancer cells. These proteins include nuclear proteins, adhesion molecules, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperons, proteasome subunits, and signaling proteins. Integration of our data with protein-protein interaction data from the Human Proteome Reference Database allowed us to build a comprehensive interactome map of NDRG1. This interactome map consists of several modules such as a nuclear module and a cell membrane module; these modules explain the reported versatile functions of NDRG1. We also determined that serine 330 and threonine 366 of NDRG1 were phosphorylated and demonstrated that the phosphorylation of NDRG1 was prominently mediated by protein kinase A (PKA). Further, we showed that NDRG1 directly binds to beta-catenin and E-cadherin. However, the phosphorylation of NDRG1 did not interrupt the binding of NDRG1 to E-cadherin and beta-catenin. Finally, we showed that the inhibition of NDRG1 expression by RNA interference decreased the ER inducible chaperon GRP94 expression, directly proving that NDRG1 is involved in the ER stress response. Intriguingly, we observed that many members of the NDRG1 interactome are androgen-regulated and that the NDRG1 interactome links to the androgen response network through common interactions with beta-catenin and heat shock protein 90. Therefore we overlaid the transcriptomic expression changes in the NDRG1 interactome in response to androgen treatment and built a dual dynamic picture of the NDRG1 interactome in response to androgen. This interactome map provides the first road map for understanding the functions of NDRG1 in cells and its roles in human diseases, such as prostate cancer, which can progress from androgen-dependent curable stages to androgen-independent incurable stages.
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PMID:Proteomics analysis of the interactome of N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 and its interactions with the androgen response program in prostate cancer cells. 1722 Apr 78

We have identified the presence of leupaxin (LPXN), which belongs to the paxillin extended family of focal adhesion-associated adaptor proteins, in prostate cancer cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that LPXN is a component of the podosomal signaling complex found in osteoclasts, where LPXN was found to associate with the protein tyrosine kinases Pyk2 and c-Src and the cytosolic protein tyrosine phosphatase-proline-, glutamate-, serine-, and threonine-rich sequence (PTP-PEST). In the current study, LPXN was detectable as a 50-kDa protein in PC-3 cells, a bone-derived metastatic prostate cancer cell line. In PC-3 cells, LPXN was also found to associate with Pyk2, c-Src, and PTP-PEST. A siRNA-mediated inhibition of LPXN resulted in decreased in vitro PC-3 cell migration. A recombinant adenoviral-mediated overexpression of LPXN resulted in an increased association of Pyk2 with LPXN, whereas a similar adenoviral-mediated overexpression of PTP-PEST resulted in decreased association of Pyk2 and c-Src with LPXN. The overexpression of LPXN in PC-3 cells resulted in increased migration, as assessed by in vitro Transwell migration assays. On the contrary, the overexpression of PTP-PEST in PC-3 cells resulted in decreased migration. The overexpression of LPXN resulted in increased activity of Rho GTPase, which was decreased in PTP-PEST-overexpressing cells. The increase in Rho GTPase activity following overexpression of LPXN was inhibited in the presence of Y27632, a selective inhibitor of Rho GTPase. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that LPXN forms a signaling complex with Pyk2, c-Src, and PTP-PEST to regulate migration of prostate cancer cells.
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PMID:Interaction of Pyk2 and PTP-PEST with leupaxin in prostate cancer cells. 1732 98

Prostate carcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors and has become a more common cancer in men. Previous studies demonstrated that evodiamine (EVO) exhibited anti-tumor activities on several cancers, but its effects on androgen-independent prostate cancer are unclear. In the present study, the action mechanisms of EVO on the growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells (DU145 and PC3 cells) were explored. EVO dramatically inhibited the growth and elevated cytotoxicity of DU145 and PC3 cells. The flow cytometric analysis of EVO-treated cells indicated a block of G2/M phase and an elevated level of DNA fragmentation. The G2/M arrest was accompanied by elevated Cdc2 kinase activity, an increase in expression of cyclin B1 and phosphorylated Cdc2 (Thr 161), and a decrease in expression of phosphorylated Cdc2 (Tyr 15), Myt-1, and interphase Cdc25C. TUNEL examination showed that EVO-induced apoptosis was observed at 72 h. EVO elevated the activities of caspase 3, 8, and 9 in DU145 cells, while in PC3 cells only the activities of caspase 3 and 9 were elevated. EVO also triggered the processing of caspase 3 and 9 in both DU145 and PC3 cells. We demonstrate that roscovitine treatment result in the reversion of G2/M arrest in response to EVO in both DU145 and PC3. However, inhibitory effect of roscovitine on EVO-induced apoptosis could only be observed in DU145 rather than PC3. In DU145, G2/M arrest might be a signal for initiation of EVO-triggered apoptosis. Whereas EVO-triggered PC3 apoptosis might be independent of G2/M arrest. These results suggested that EVO inhibited the growth of prostate cancer cell lines, DU145 and PC3, through an accumulation at G2/M phase and an induction of apoptosis.
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PMID:Anti-proliferative effects of evodiamine on human prostate cancer cell lines DU145 and PC3. 1734 Jun 28

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