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Query: UMLS:C0376358 (prostate cancer)
 59,338 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A novel cell-cell recombination model was established to test the reciprocal mesenchymal (fibroblast)-epithelial interaction in the prostate gland. Both growth factors and ECM pathways were found to be actively engaged during cellular communications. The application of this cell-cell recombination concept to prostate cancer established a new human prostate cancer animal model in which the tumours actively secrete prostate specific antigen, a known human prostate cancer marker. This review explores the significance of mesenchymal-epithelial interaction in determining prostate hormonal responsiveness and prostate cell transformation and speculates on the potential roles of mesenchymal-epithelial interaction in prostate cancer growth and progression.
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PMID:Reciprocal mesenchymal-epithelial interaction affecting prostate tumour growth and hormonal responsiveness. 172 90

Initial investigation demonstrated antibodies to sperm (ASA) in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa). The occurrence of ASA under a variety of normal and pathological circumstances indicated the need for confirmation and extension, including delineation of their possible disease-associated specificity and implications. As countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) employing sonicated allogeneic sperm (Sp) extracts appeared most efficient from initial studies of ASA, CIEP was employed for the present further study of 200 serum specimens from patients with and without prostatic disease. While ubiquitous, the continuing presence of ASA in BPH and PCa, with a combined incidence in this study of 57 (52%) of 109 vs. 9 (10%) of 91 in the absence of prostatic disease remains provocative in view of the hypothesized role of Sp in the development of BPH and PCa. The presence, however, of ASA in patients with genitourinary neoplasms other than prostate, raises doubt as to their disease specificity. Implications of ASA, other than in their more commonly related role in infertility, including their cross-reactivity with foetal antigens and lymphocytes and higher incidence in association with tumours and the presence of tumour-associated immunity are considered. However, pending further investigation, the present data may most appropriately be viewed as being reflective of a host response (marker?) to aberrant genitourinary cellular alterations.
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PMID:Antibodies to sperm in benign and malignant diseases of the prostate in man: incidence, disease-associated specificity, and implications. 245 22

The relationship between platelet surface negative charge and hyperfunction was examined by determining electrophoretic mobility (EPM), aggregability, and sialic acid of platelets in prostatic cancer, prostatic cancer with estrogen, prostatic cancer with estrogen and aspirin, prostatic hypertrophy, and healthy aged males. Estrogen treated prostatic cancer patients had significantly higher platelet EPM. A good linear correlation was found between sialic acid and EPM (r = 0.97, p less than 0.001). EPM was negatively correlated with primary aggregations by adrenaline and ADP but not with secondary or maximum aggregations, suggesting increased surface negative charge may inhibit primary aggregation. Estrogen and platelet population changes influenced surface negative charge. Neuraminidase removal of platelet surface sialic acid resulted in dose-dependent decreases of EPM which paralleled decreases in sialic acid. Aspirin treated patients and platelets incubated with aspirin in vitro both showed increased platelet EPM. These results suggest that platelet surface negative charge may directly affect platelet function.
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PMID:Role of surface negative charge in platelet function related to the hyperreactive state in estrogen-treated prostatic carcinoma. 618 Apr 96

Coronary heart disease (CHD) and cancers of the breast, prostate, and colon are more common in industrialized countries than in the developing world, and to some degree, these conditions appear to share risk factors. To investigate whether there is an association between these cancers and a prior history of CHD, a hospital-based case-control study was conducted at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center in New York. The study was based on 252 breast cancer cases, 256 colorectal cancer cases, and 322 benign surgical controls, all of whom underwent biopsy or surgery between January 1989 and December 1992, and on 319 prostate cancer cases and 189 benign prostatic hypertrophy controls diagnosed between January 1984 and December 1986 (prior to widespread use of prostate-specific antigen screening). Medical records were reviewed on each, focusing on the preoperative anesthesia and surgical clearances. No association was found between a history of CHD and breast or colorectal cancer, but an elevated risk was found for prostate cancer (odds ratio, 2.00; 95% confidence interval, 1.18-3.39), using unconditional logistic regression with adjustment for appropriate confounders. No association was found between cigarette smoking and any of the three cancers. Aspirin use was protective for colorectal cancer (odds ratio, 0.35; 95% confidence interval, 0.17-0.73) but had no association with breast or prostate cancer. The study suggests that individuals with CHD are at elevated risk for prostate cancer but not breast or colorectal cancer. Etiological risk factors associated with CHD should be investigated with regard to prostate cancer. Patients with CHD may represent a high-risk group for prostate cancer and potential future targets for prostate cancer screening interventions.
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PMID:Association between coronary heart disease and cancers of the breast, prostate, and colon. 979 31

Tumor progression and metastasis may result in part from the selection of cell clones competent for survival, invasion and growth at secondary sites and characterized by loss of growth inhibitory responses, acquisition of increased adhesiveness and enhanced motility and protease expression. Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) is produced by osteoblasts (OB) in a latent form and is activated by proteases in a cell-dependent manner. We show here that OB conditioned medium (OB CM) modulates Matrigel invasion of a bone metastatic prostate cancer cell line (PC3) and that this effect is blocked by antibody against TGF-beta1 and by uPA/plasmin inhibitors, suggesting that TGF-beta1 can modulate OB-mediated cell recruitment and that PC3 cells can activate TGF-beta1. TGF-beta1 induces uPA and PAI-1 secretion and promotes binding of uPA at the external plasma membrane with increased membrane-associated plasmin activity. Matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) is induced both in the medium and in the membrane associated form. Moreover, the balance between proteolytic activity and inhibition is crucial in the metastatic event. Indeed, the increment of PAI-1 could have an important regulatory role on the extracellular proteolysis and might explain the decrease of net PA and gelatinolytic activities measured in the medium. In addition, PAI-1 plays a regulative role localizing matrix degradation in some specific sites, such as areas of cell-to-cell or cell-to-ECM contacts. In conclusion, TGF-beta1 enhances PC3 Matrigel invasion by a uPA/plasmin-dependent mechanism, also involving the MMP-9, and thus may play a central role in malignant prostate tumor progression as a result of stimulating bone matrix invasion.
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PMID:Osteoblast-derived TGF-beta1 modulates matrix degrading protease expression and activity in prostate cancer cells. 1065 34

Increased intake of fruits and vegetables seems to be one of the simplest means of decreasing the risk for cancer. Cancer-preventive effects of fruits and vegetables have been observed in epidemiological studies, which could not, however, distinguish the effects of the various ingredients. Antioxidant defence has been proposed as a mechanism of chemoprevention, although inconclusive results have been obtained. The results of randomized intervention trials have shown that beta-carotene supplements are of limited value and may even be deleterious. Vitamins are a good marker of the ingestion of fruits and vegetables, and vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) is a lipid-soluble antioxidant which can scavenge free radicals. It has no significant effect on the risk for lung cancer of long-term smokers in an intervention trial, but it decreased both the incidence of and mortality from prostate cancer; however, there was a 50% increase in the occurrence of cerebral haemorrhage among the men given vitamin E. Aspirin and aspirin-like drugs appear to decrease the risk for intestinal tumours; the mechanism of action appears to involve diminishing prostaglandin production due to inhibition of cyclooxygenases. Dietary fibre has been linked to a reduced risk for colorectal cancer in many observational studies, but opposite findings were reported recently. In order to resolve these paradoxes, we need to understand better the underlying biology, develop mechanistic hypotheses and test them in clinical trials in humans. Until that time, we should confine any premature enthusiasm for chemopreventive micronutrient supplementation.
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PMID:Chemoprevention of cancer: a controversial and instructive story. 1074 49

High-molecular-weight splice variants of the CD44 transmembrane protein family have been implicated in tumorigenesis and metastasis formation. By contrast, in certain tumors--for example, Burkitt's lymphoma, neuroblastomas, and prostate cancer--loss of CD44 expression seems to accompany transformation. Here we describe two modes of action of CD44 proteins. They can bind growth factors and present them to their authentic high-affinity receptors, and thus promote proliferation and invasiveness of cells. Under these conditions the CD44 proteins recruit ERM proteins--for example, ezrin or moesin--to their cytoplasmic tails, thereby producing links to the cytoskeleton. This mode of action could account for the tumor-promoting action of CD44 proteins. The second mode of action of CD44 proteins comes into play when cells reach confluent growth conditions. Under specific conditions, binding of another ligand, the ECM component hyaluronate, leads to the activation and binding to the CD44 cytoplasmic tail of the tumor suppressor protein merlin. The activation of merlin confers growth arrest, so-called contact inhibition. This function of CD44 proteins defines them as tumor suppressors. The type of action of CD44 on a given cell will depend on the isoform pattern of CD44 expressed, on the cellular equipment with ERM protein members, on the nature of the ECM, and on yet-unknown conditions.
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PMID:CD44 acts both as a growth- and invasiveness-promoting molecule and as a tumor-suppressing cofactor. 1091 9

Aspirin and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been commercially available for decades, and their ability to reduce pain and inflammation are well known. The ability of these agents to cause adverse effects are also known, and the search for newer NSAIDs with less side effects accelerated after the two isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX) (COX-1 and COX-2) were discovered. The selective COX-2 inhibitors seem to have equivalent efficacy, but potentially less gastrointestinal adverse effects than the traditional NSAIDs. Recent concern that the selective COX-2 inhibitors could increase cardiovascular events requires more investigation. In the meantime, aspirin continues to receive attention as a potential primary cardiovascular agent because of its antiplatelet effects and past and current clinical trials. Several trials have demonstrated that low-dose aspirin may significantly reduce the risk of myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular events. However, the benefits of aspirin need to be weighed against its primary side effect in these situations (hemorrhagic stroke). Patients at low risk for future cardiovascular events are probably not good candidates for this therapy; however, those individuals with a high risk of a future cardiovascular event may qualify for this therapy. Aspirin has also demonstrated a potential ability to reduce the risk of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. A recent large trial of low-dose aspirin after major surgery revealed that this agent could also have some activity in the venous component of the human body. Aspirin may also have some applicability for reducing side effects of oral estrogens in men with advanced prostate cancer. Thus, it seems as if aspirin, NSAIDS, and even the selective COX-2 inhibitors may have therapeutic potential far beyond reducing pain and general inflammation. These overall observations and effects provided some of the impetus to investigate their potential ability to reduce the risk and possibly progression of a number of cancers. A few already available over-the-counter products and prescriptions seem to be receiving attention as possible anticancer agents.
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PMID:An introduction to aspirin, NSAIDs, and COX-2 inhibitors for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events and cancer and their potential preventive role in bladder carcinogenesis: part I. 1176 81

Aspirin and the nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been commercially available for decades, and their ability to reduce pain and inflammation are well known. The ability of some of these agents to also reduce a primary or secondary cardiovascular event or to potentially reduce the risk of colorectal cancer has also been documented. These observations collectively have initiated a wide variety of investigations to determine whether or not these agents may have an ability to reduce the risk or progression of numerous cancers. Some urologic cancers have been included in these recent studies. For example, prostate cancer may be sensitive to these compounds based on a small number of preliminary studies. Bladder cancer may also be sensitive to the effects of these agents. Older patients and those with more aggressive tumors may benefit most from these initial studies. Many cancers also demonstrate a greater upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and this has lead to recent interest, especially in colorectal cancer, to test the ability of these selective agents against the development of precancerous colon polyps. High-risk patients for colorectal cancer may have benefited by taking a selective COX-2 inhibitor in a recent randomized trial, but whether or not this benefit continues to occur after the COX-2 inhibitor is removed remains controversial and needs further study. Prostate and bladder cancer also seem to demonstrate an upregulation of COX-2, and laboratory studies suggest that these selective NSAIDs may have a greater effect on reducing the development of these tumors. Randomized clinical trials are needed, but because numerous individuals are currently using COX-2 inhibitors, a large volume of data should make at least retrospective studies more plausible in the near future. The challenge for researchers and clinicians is to further understand which NSAIDs and what dosage and duration may provide the optimal benefit (if any), and to accurately construe the available current data on these agents for patients inquiring about these compounds.
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PMID:An introduction to aspirin, NSAids, and COX-2 inhibitors for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events and cancer and their potential preventive role in bladder carcinogenesis: part II. 1176 82

The present study seeks to establish a relationship between the quality of a surgical procedure and the subsequent hospital costs for that procedure by investigating the influence of both patient and peri-operative factors on the hospital costs of radical prostatectomy. All men who underwent radical prostatectomy at one institution during an 18-month period were included in this study. Clinical information was obtained from medical records and cost information was obtained from hospital billing data. The medical record was also used to determine peri-operative information such as operating room time, anesthesia time, surgical time, blood loss and units of packed red blood cells transfused. The correlation between costs and both clinical and peri-operative factors were determined using the Pearson correlation co-efficient. One hundred and four men underwent radical prostatectomy at our institution during the time period studied. Mean age of these patients was 60.2 y and mean length of stay for these patients was 3.4 days with a range of 2-10 days. Mean total hospital costs for this cohort was $5305 with a range of $2851-$10 358. Significant correlations with total hospital costs included operating room time, surgical time, estimated blood loss and blood transfused. Patient factors such as age, ASA class, co-morbidities and smoking history were not correlated with total hospital costs. The present study demonstrates that factors at least partially controlled by the surgeon such as surgical time and units of blood transfused directly influence the total hospital costs of radical prostatectomy, while patient factors such as age and the presence of co-morbidities had no significant correlation with total hospital costs. These findings demonstrate that surgeons can impact health care costs by providing high quality care and begins to establish a relationship between high quality care and low cost care.Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases (2001) 4, 213-216.
Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2001
PMID:The relationship between quality and costs: factors that affect the hospital costs of radical prostatectomy. 1249 20


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