Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0376358 (prostate cancer)
 59,338 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) continues to be challenged as a legitimate clinical biomarker in early detection of prostate cancer due to lack of specificity for malignant transformation. Skepticism surrounding the utility of serum PSA as a clinical marker is not new and many questioned its initial use in widespread prostate cancer screening due to non-specific expression and low predictive value for cancer detection. Despite these initial concerns, serum PSA measurement along with digital rectal examination (DRE) is currently the accepted practice for prostate cancer screening in the United States with hundreds of thousands of men undergoing serum PSA measurement annually. In contrast to its role for early detection, serum PSA measurement as a surrogate for prostate cancer recurrence (biochemical failure) following curative intent therapy has consummate clinical utility in post-treatment surveillance. As thousands of men each year are aggressively treated for potentially curable prostate cancer, development of simple and effective diagnostic tools for detecting treatment failures should be an important area of biomedical and clinical investigation. We have constructed and tested a home-based prostate cancer surveillance device for use by patients to detect PSA from blood obtained by finger stick. Our initial results suggest that home based PSA testing is feasible and may have clinical utility in management of men treated for prostate cancer.
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PMID:Prostate specific antigen as a clinical biomarker for prostate cancer: what's the take home message? 1584 84

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a serum marker that is widely used in the detection and monitoring of prostate cancer. Though PSA is a self-antigen, T cell responses to PSA epitopes have been detected in healthy men and prostate cancer patients, suggesting it may be used as a target for active immunotherapy of prostate cancer. A PSA DNA vaccine (pPSA) was evaluated in mice and monkeys for its ability to induce antigen-specific immune responses. Mice immunized intradermally with pPSA demonstrated strong PSA-specific humoral and cellular immunity. The anti-PSA immune responses were skewed toward Th1, as shown by high IFNgamma and IL-2 production. The immune response was sufficient to protect mice from challenge with PSA-expressing tumor cells. Tumor protection was durable in the absence of additional vaccination, as demonstrated by protection of vaccinated mice from tumor rechallenge. Furthermore, pPSA vaccination induced PSA-specific antibody titers in male cynomolgus monkeys, which express a closely related PSA gene. These results demonstrate that vaccination with pPSA may be able to break tolerance and can induce an immune response that mediates tumor protection.
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PMID:Induction of Th1-type immunity and tumor protection with a prostate-specific antigen DNA vaccine. 1604 42

Prostate cancer among adult males is the most common neoplasm in western countries. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is now a well established tumor marker that aids in the early detection of localized prostate cancer. Increased PSA concentrations are found in the serum of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia or patients with prostate cancer, respectively. Therefore, in general the specificity of this test is low. The diagnostic value of PSA can be improved in consideration of clinical data, patients age, the measurement of free or complexed PSA, and the measurement of PSA velocity, respectively. Furthermore, there is a high variability between commercial PSA assays. Finally, the pre-analytical laboratory procedures have a high impact on the PSA measurement.
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PMID:[Significance of the PSA-concentration for the detection of prostate cancer]. 1619 61

Prostate specific antigen is the most important tumor marker of prostate cancer. PSA, in conjunction with digital rectal examination, is the first-line clinical tool for detection of prostate cancer. To improve its specificity PSA-density, PSA-ratio (fPSA/tPSA), PSA-velocity, and complexed PSA have been introduced into clinical praxis. The treatment of lower stage disease in younger men has resulted in a longer period of post-treatment cancer surveillance. Biochemical recurrence is an early indicator for clinical disease recurrence. PSA doubling time allows to distinguish between local and systemic progression and is also a valid predictor for distant metastasis and death of disease.
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PMID:[The role of PSA in diagnosis of prostate cancer and its recurrence]. 1621 9

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is currently the most widely used tumor marker for diagnosing and monitoring prostate cancer. Serum PSA level greater than 10 ng/mL is considered a negative predictor for the presence of bone metastases and routine use of bone scans is therefore avoided. This report describes two cases of patients presenting with normal PSA levels (0-4 ng/ mL) and positive bone scans. The value of routine use of bone scintigraphy in the follow up of these cases is therefore questioned here. Moreover the addition of bisphosphonates to the androgen deprivation treatment, achieved not only pain relief and improvement in aspects of quality of life, but also provided radiographic evidence of management of metastatic bone disease.
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PMID:Prostate cancer presenting with normal serum PSA levels and boney metastases treated with zoledronic acid. 1621 10

Fifteen patients 60 to 80 years old (a mean of 72 years) with hormone-refractory prostate cancer were treated with low dose prednisolone. All patients had previously undergone hormone therapy. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) values decreased in 11 cases (73%), of which 4 had PSA decreases of 50% or greater. Serum levels of DHEAS significantly decreased at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment (both intervals were p < 0.05 vs pretreatment). Of 8 patients with bone metastasis evaluation, 2 (25%) showed improvement of the lesion. In 5 patients (33%), relief of pain was observed one month after starting prednisolone. The one-year survival rate was 58%. The side effects were mild and manageable in an outpatient clinic.
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PMID:Treatment with prednisolone of hormone-refractory prostate cancer. 1633 67

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is frequently used for prostate cancer (PCa) screening, but serum levels are also increased by prostate inflammation. Elevations in serum levels of alpha1-antitrypsin (ATT), a marker of inflammation, in cancer patients are well documented. However, an association between PSA and ATT has never been investigated. The authors, therefore, measured serum acute phase proteins (APPs) ATT, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, C-reactive protein, and alpha1-antichymotrypsin in 174 men without and 34 with newly diagnosed untreated PCa (38-80 years old). As expected, men with PCa had higher mean PSA levels than those without PCa (P < 0.00001). Men with PCa and those without PCa but with PSA >2 ng/mL (n = 68) had significantly higher ATT concentrations than those without these conditions (n = 106) (mean +/- SEM g/L): 1.94+/-0.083, 1.92+/-0.066, 1.25+/-0.043, respectively; p <0.005). Interestingly, African-American men without PCa (n=111) had higher ATT levels than Caucasian men (n=63) (1.565+/-0.045 g/l versus 1.395+/-0.056 g/l; p <0.005); and differences persisted in men with PSA >2 ng/ml (2.094+/-0.07 g/l versus 1.593 for all0.095 g/l; p<0.0002). There were no differences among groups in the levels of other APP. ATT showed the strongest correlation with PSA (r = 0.346 to 0.395; p <0.001) than any other APP (r < or =0.245). Our data suggest that men with PCa have higher ATT levels than those without PCa; and African-American men without PCa have higher ATT levels than Caucasian men. The possible implications of elevated ATT levels in African-American men on the risk of PCa are discussed.
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PMID:Correlation between serum prostate-specific antigen and alpha-1-antitrypsin in men without and with prostate cancer. 1658 45

Between April 2004 and August 2005, we used docetaxel in combination with prednisolone to treat 14 patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). Docetaxel was administered at a dose of 70 mg/m2 once every 21 days and oral prednisolone 5 mg was administered twice daily concurrently on days 1-21. The treatment was continued until disease progression or unacceptable adverse events occurred. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) was used as a tumor marker. PSA response was defined as a reduction from baseline of at least 50% that was maintained for 4 weeks. Five patients had measurable soft tissue lesions, which were nodal metastases in 4 and liver metastasis in 1. The median follow-up was 8.4 months. During follow-up, 5 patients died. The median treatment cycle was 7 cycles. Manifestations of hematologic toxicity included 11 patients (78%) with grade 3/4 neutropenia and only I with febrile neutropenia. Two patients with gastric hemorrhage and febrile neutropenia needed hospitalization. During follow-up, 8 patients (57%) achieved a PSA reduction from baseline of at least 50%. Three patients with nodal metastases and 1 patient with liver metastasis had partial response. Combined docetaxel and prednisolone was shown to be effective and feasible in Japanese patients.
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PMID:The preliminary results of docetaxel-prednisolone combination therapy for the Japanese patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. 1735 57

The incidence of early prostate cancer (PCa) among middle-aged men has increased rapidly. For many of these men, curatively intended treatment does more harm than good. Established prognostic factors are tumor stage and grade. As a result of earlier detection a majority of patients now have nonpalpable tumors (T1c) of intermediate grade (Gleason score 6). Prostate specific antigen in serum in such cases is generally at a low level and not a reliable predictor of prognosis. Altogether there is an urgent need for adjunctive prognostic indicators. In the search for relevant tumor markers for improved patient selection an exploration of the proteome (the human proteins) could be fruitful. This paper critically reviews the use of 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) for proteome research. Additional steps such as image analysis and mass spectrometry are described. Techniques based on non-2-DE platforms: surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI), isotope coded affinity tags (ICAT) and array-based technologies are also summarized. Although labor-intensive and time-consuming, 2-DE is presently the most powerful method for analysis of cellular protein phenotype and may potentially reveal gene regulations that cannot be detected on a genetic level.
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PMID:Proteomics in prostate cancer research. 1737 72

Prostate cancer is the most common neoplasia of middle-aged men. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is the first FDA-approved tumour marker for early detection of cancer and it is now in widespread clinical use. The discovery of different PSA molecular forms in serum (free PSA, PSA complexed with various protease inhibitors) in the early 1990s renewed clinical research to enhance the specificity of PSA. Also, the use of a homologous prostate-localised antigen, human glandular kallikrein 2 (KLK2) may further reduce the number of unnecessary prostate biopsies. More recently, promising data is emerging regarding molecular forms of free PSA (proPSA, BPSA, 'intact' PSA) and other members of the expanded human kallikrein family. These new findings may add substantial clinical information for early detection of prostate cancer.
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PMID:PSA and other tissue kallikreins for prostate cancer detection. 1768 69


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