Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0376358 (prostate cancer)
 59,338 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to evaluate a possible role of several peptides in the human urogenital tract, peptide concentrations in urogenital tissues collected from surgery were measured using specific radioimmunoassay. The specimens were extracted in boiling 0.5M acetic acid, and these extracts were utilized to measure neuropeptide concentrations, i.e., neuropeptide Y(NPY), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and peptide 7B2. The highest concentrations of NPY were found in seminal vesicle (145 +/- 42pmol/g) and vas deference (104 +/- 26pmol/g). There was no significant difference in NPY concentration between malignant and non-malignant tissues (prostate and urinary bladder). High concentrations of VIP were also observed in several urogenital tissues (seminal vesicle, vas deference and urethra). VIP concentrations in prostatic cancer and carcinoma of urinary bladder seemed to be reduced, though no significant difference could be found in each corresponding tissue. Pituitary peptide 7B2 was found to be present in the human urogenital tract in relatively low concentrations. A significant difference was observed in CGRP concentration between carcinoma of urinary bladder and adjacent normal vesicular tissues (p less than 0.05). These four peptide immunoreactivities were further characterized by gel permeation or high performance liquid chromatography. Each main immunoreactivity in urogenital extracts seemed to correspond to each synthetic standard or pituitary extracts (in case of 7B2). These results demonstrated that pituitary peptide 7B2 was shown to be present in the human urogenital tract and that the distribution patterns of these peptides might correlate to their pathophysiological role in the urogenital tract. Furthermore, the absence of CGRP immunoreactivity in carcinoma of urinary bladder may be useful for additional diagnostic information.
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PMID:[Four putative neuropeptides concentrations in the human urogenital tract. Comparison of the neuropeptides concentration between malignant and benign tissues]. 248 Feb 53

Tumour markers are often circulating tumour-associated indicators of tumour development. As such they are not suitable for tumour screening and localization, but valuable as adjuncts for medical follow-up care of tumour patients, where their serum level alterations may anticipate the clinical detection of tumour behaviour by a lead time of 1 to 6 months before other methods. The following tumour may be controlled by established markers: endocrine tumours by NSE, calcitonin, parathormone, 5-HIAA, catecholamines/metabolites etc.; head-neck tumours: SCC, CEA; thyroid carcinoma: TG, calcitonin; lung cancer: CEA, NSE, SCC; liver cancer: AFP (PLC), CA 19-9 (cholangiocell.), CEA (secondary): biliary tract and pancreatic cancer: CA 19-9; colorectal carcinoma: CEA, CA 19-9; squamous cell carcinoma (ENT, oesophagus, anal): SCC; breast cancer: CEA and CA 15-3; ovarian cancer: CA 125 (epithelial), CA 19-9 (mucinous); germ cell tumours (ovary including trophoblastic tumours/testes): AFP and HCG; prostatic cancer: PAP and PSA; bladder cancer: TPA.
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PMID:[Clinical relevance of tumor markers]. 267 6

The interaction between testosterone and calcitonin secretion capacity was studied in 9 patients with prostatic cancer. Treatment with the antiandrogenic agent cyproterone acetate resulted in an expected decrease in serum testosterone but an unexpected and unexplained increase in calcitonin secretion capacity. The previous statement that a positive correlation between sex hormones and calcitonin secretion capacity can be recognized probably requires revision. This unexpected effect of cyproterone acetate had possible additive beneficial advantages for treatment, such as bone mass sparing and its analgesic effect.
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PMID:Decrease of serum testosterone by cyproterone acetate accompanied by an unexpected increase of calcitonin secretion capacity. 295 32

The analgesic effect of eel-calcitonin (Elcitonin) was evaluated in 10 patients with metastatic bone lesions from urogenital cancer. Five patients had renal cell carcinoma, while the remaining 5 patients had prostatic cancer. Eel-calcitonin was injected intravenously to each patient at a dose of 80 units every day. The drug was markedly effective for 3 patients, effective for 4 patients and ineffective for 3 patients. The effect was better for prostatic cancer than renal cell carcinoma.
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PMID:[Analgesic effect of calcitonin in patients with metastatic bone lesions from urogenital cancer]. 366 35

Twenty cases (3.3%) of hypercalcemia of more than 11.0 mg/dl associated with urogenital malignancy were observed in 610 inpatients during the past 5 years and 6 months (Jan. 1978-June 1983). Incidences were 10 (16.1%) out of 62 cases of renal cell carcinoma, 6 (1.9%) out of 321 cases of bladder cancer, 3 (6.7%) out of 45 cases of renal pelvic and ureteral cancer, and one (1.1%) out of 95 cases of prostatic cancer. As treatment, surgery (radical nephrectomy) and anti-cancer chemotherapy were effective in 3 cases (2 renal cell carcinomas and one renal pelvic cancer). Conservative therapy with hydration combined with either indomethacin, steroid or eel calcitonin was effective in 11 cases, and s-Ca level was decreased by 3.7 mg/dl on the average. Eighteen patients were in the terminal stage of malignancy when hypercalcemia was observed, and died 5 days to 9 months (mean; 2 months) after the onset of hypercalcemia.
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PMID:[20 cases of hypercalcemia associated with urogenital malignancies]. 647 83

We present an unusual variant of prostatic adenocarcinoma with obvious mucinous and neuroendocrine features, arising in the transition zone. The neuroendocrine component is largely represented by Paneth-like cells (PLCs). These cells correspond to previously described eosinophilic cells and are amphicrine. We could demonstrate immunohistochemically the presence of calcitonin in some of these PLCs. The prognostic significance of these special characteristics is not well known, but it is most likely that this type of prostate cancer will not respond well to hormonal therapy.
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PMID:Mucin-secreting adenocarcinoma of the prostate with neuroendocrine differentiation and Paneth-like cells. 829 59

Our recent study has shown that a calcitonin (CT)-like immunoreactive substance(s) is secreted by cultured prostate cells, and secretion of this material is significantly higher in malignant than in benign prostate cells. To test the hypothesis that prostatic CT may serve as a paracrine/neuroendocrine factor, the present study investigated for the presence of CT receptors in the prostate gland. Signal transduction mechanisms activated by CT were examined, and the study also tested its effects on prostate cell proliferation, as assessed by [3H]thymidine incorporation. The results show that high affinity binding sites for [125I]salmon CT were present in plasma membrane fractions of human prostate tissue specimens and the prostate cancer LnCaP cell line. The maximal binding for CT receptors was 564 +/- 163 fmol/mg protein, and the apparent dissociation constant (Kd) was 2.89 +/- 0.58 nM. CT induced a dose-dependent increase in cAMP generation in LnCaP cells. The effect of CT on cytoplasmic Ca2+ transients of LnCaP cells was examined by videofluoromicroscopy. CT (100 nM) induced a rapid and sharp increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations in LnCaP cells. The CT-induced increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ transients appeared to be biphasic (spike and plateau), and this increase was 4- to 10-fold during the initial phase. The profile of this response is characteristic of the activated Ca2+/phospholipid second messenger system. CT also caused a dose-dependent increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation by LnCaP cells. These results suggest that a locally secreted CT-like peptide(s) induces mitogenic responses in prostate cancer cells. This action seems to be mediated through activation of signaling mechanisms, leading to the accumulation of two different second messengers, cAMP and calcium. Activation of dual second messenger systems by CT receptors suggests that the peptide hormone may play an important role in rapidly growing cell populations during the process of tumor formation.
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PMID:Calcitonin stimulates growth of human prostate cancer cells through receptor-mediated increase in cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphates and cytoplasmic Ca2+ transients. 829 57

The clinical use of tumor-associated markers still raises several problems, due to the lack of specificity of most biological markers and to insufficient evaluation of their true benefit for the patients. Only two markers, calcitonin and alpha-fetoprotein, markers of medullary thyroid carcinomas and of hepatocellular carcinomas respectively, have been proved useful in screening high risk populations for tumors. The usefulness of the prostate specific antigen in screening for prostatic cancer is still debated. Human chorionic gonadotropin and its free beta subunit are useful in the early detection of testicular cancer. Other biological makers, such as CA 15-3 for breast cancers, CA 19-9 for either gastric or pancreatic cancers, anc CA 125 for ovarian tumors are useful mostly in the follow-up of these tumors. Finally, measurements of tumor markers and analysis of their results must be performed by biologists or physicians who use tumor-associated markers routinely.
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PMID:[Biological markers of cancer. Critical study]. 851 Nov 15

Small cell carcinoma (SCC) of the prostate is a rare and recently recognized subtype of prostate cancer. The neuroendocrine component of the prostate carcinoma is becoming more frequently detected in classic adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Clinically, these tumors represent a considerable portion of so called androgen independent prostatic carcinomas. It has been hypothesized that the neuroendocrine cells being admixed with adenocarcinoma is selected and emerges as a hormone refractory carcinoma after the androgen blockade. The SCC shows a spectrum from a mixed adenocarcinoma with SCC component to the extreme case of pure SCC. Characteristically, prostatic SCC shows low measurable serum level of traditional prostate tumor marker, prostatic specific antigen (PSA). Instead, SCC secretes several neural peptides and calcitonin (CT) is one of them. The usefulness of serum CT as a neuroendocrine marker was evaluated retrospectively in 16 patients with SCC of the prostate (5 pure SCCs and II combined adenocarcinoma and SCCs). The serum CT was measured by radioimmunoassay. In all the patients, serum CT level was measured after SCC was diagnosed histologically. All 16 patients presented with advanced tumor with extensive metastasis. Nine (56 percent) out of 16 cases showed elevated serum CT (range 42 approximately 2,654 pg/ml) and chemically supported the diagnosis of SCC. Owing to the retrospective nature of the study, the serum CT was measured only once in most of the cases, and the value of monitoring the disease progress or the responsiveness to the chemotherapy could not be evaluated. Survival analysis by logrank test did not show statistically significant prognostic value of serum CT in SCCs of the prostate. However, patients with extremely high serum CT level tend to have poor survival. Future studies are needed for further evaluation of serum CT as a disease monitor and prognostic marker in SCC of the prostate. Serum CT may have a role as a tumor marker in the early diagnosis of SCC of the prostate, which often is not diagnosed until the advanced stage.
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PMID:Serum calcitonin in small cell carcinoma of the prostate. 890 18

DNA methylation has been studied intensively during the past years in order to elucidate its role in the regulation of gene expression, gene imprinting and cancer progression. Earlier studies have shown that a general genomic under-methylation is associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and metastatic prostate cancer. Site-specific methylation changes, as revealed by the use of methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes, have been reported to occur in the promotor region of the calcitonin gene in chronic myeloid leukemia as it progresses from the chronic phase to blast crisis, in non-Hodgkin's lymphoid neoplasms and in non-lymphocytic leukemia. We have now explored possible methylation changes associated with benign and malignant breast tumors. Two approaches were employed: (i) chemical determination of general genomic methylation status and (ii) base-specific analysis of the methylation changes in the promoter of the calcitonin gene with the aid of genomic sequencing. The results did not reveal any changes of total DNA 5-methylcytosine content in ductal carcinoma of breast in comparison with benign tumors. There was a small, yet significant, increase in 5-methylcytosine content in lobular carcinoma. Genomic sequencing of the promoter region of the calcitonin gene, however, revealed a striking hypermethylation at or around the transcription start site of the gene in ductal carcinomas. In benign tumors and lobular carcinomas, this region was either entirely unmethylated or only slightly methylated. The latter changes may reflect a regional hypermethylation of the short arm of chromosome 11, which harbors, in addition to the calcitonin gene, a number of putative or established tumor-suppressor genes. Our results demonstrate that genomic sequencing in its present form can be used for a reliable and precise DNA methylation analysis of primary human tumors.
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PMID:Hypermethylation of calcitonin gene regulatory sequences in human breast cancer as revealed by genomic sequencing. 898 Feb 49


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