Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0376358 (prostate cancer)
 59,338 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Optimal conditions for the quantitation of free prolactin binding components of human prostatic tissue obtained by TURP were studied by applying gamma receptor assay. The radioligand used was 125I-prolactin. Significantly greater heat stability of the prostate membrane prolactin binding sites, when compared to that of androgen cytoplasmic receptors, was confirmed. The saturability and specificity of the prolactin binding components was demonstrated by the results of both Scatchard plot analysis and displacement studies. Free prolactin receptors were found in none of the poorly differentiated (G3) prostatic tumors examined, and only in 62.5% of medium differentiated (G2) prostatic malignancies. The majority of tissue specimens coming from patients with either BPH or well differentiated prostatic tumor (G1) contain measureable amounts of free prolactin membrane binding components. In the present study we report also the case in which the change in tumor differentiation toward a higher grade (G2 to G1, provoked by the successful chemohormonal treatment) is accompanied with the appearance of previously absent free prolactin binding components. In histologically proven BPH tissue specimens free prolactin receptor negative status has been found in most patients with a slight increase in serum PAP values, while receptor rich status was detected in the majority of those with elevated PSA concentrations. We believe therefore that the prolactin receptor values, when used as part of the multivariable analysis, may participate in further delineation of the role of prolactin in the development of prostate cancer, but may also play a role in a subclinical prediction related to the conversion of either an adenoma or a latent adenocarcinoma to the clinically manifest prostatic malignancy.
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PMID:Unoccupied prolactin binding components of the benign and malignant human prostate in a subclinical and clinical procedure. 247

The authors analyzed 150 patient files (16 controls with no prostatic pathology, 96 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), 38 prostate cancer patients) in an attempt to answer three questions: how should borderline values of PSA be interpreted in patients with BPH; is there a correlation between the Gleason grade and PSA levels in prostate cancer? Should both PSA and PAP concentrations be assayed? All patients underwent digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasonography (TU), and were assayed for PSA and PAP. All prostate cancer patients had a bone scintigraphy (Bs). In view of the correlation coefficient of 0.391 (p less than 0.001), it can be affirmed that PSA and weight are linearly correlated in BPH (5 g BPH = 1 ng/ml PSA). This lower value of PSA is due to the overevaluation of prostate weight by TU. In contrast, the authors did not find any correlation between the PSA level and the Gleason grade in prostate cancer patients with a negative bone scintiscan. Finally, the sensitivity of PSA was markedly better than that of PAP (75% vs 50%), and no PSA false negative error was corrected by the PAP value.
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PMID:[Anatomoclinical and biologic correlations in prostatic pathology. Apropos of 150 case reports]. 248

The chromosomal location of the gene encoding human prostate-specific acid phosphatase (ACPP) was determined by Southern blotting analysis of panels of human x rodent (mouse or Chinese hamster) somatic cell hybrids, using the PAP-1007 and PAP-1004EP ACPP cDNA probes. The ACPP gene was assigned to chromosome 3, which was confirmed by screening a chromosome 3-specific genomic library. Sublocalization of this gene was carried out using hybrids that had retained only various portions of human chromosome 3. The ACPP gene was found to segregate specifically with the chromosomal segment 3q21----qter. Analysis of Southern blots of TaqI-digested DNAs from unrelated individuals and members of large families from northern Finland revealed two simultaneous diallelic restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), A and B, when using either PAP-1004EP or PAP-1006A ACPP cDNA probes, but not the 5' flanking PAP-1007 probe. Allele frequencies for polymorphism A were .09 (A1) and .91 (A2), and for polymorphism B, .38 (B1) and .62 (B2). There appears to be only a very minor linkage disequilibrium (chi 2 = 1.12, 0.35 greater than P greater than 0.25) between the two TaqI RFLPs at the ACPP locus. For reasons presently unknown, homozygotes for polymorphism B appear to be overrepresented. These polymorphisms could be of importance in characterizing human prostate cancer.
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PMID:Chromosomal localization to 3q21----qter and two TaqI RFLPs of the human prostate-specific acid phosphatase gene (ACPP). 257 85

The authors have studied the prognostic interest of evaluating the prostatic acid phosphatase level before any treatment in 84 cases of stage B and C prostatic cancer. An abnormal PAP level did not significantly modify the 5-year life expectancy of patients, but was significantly correlated with a shorter period of disease-free survival. An abnormal PAP level increased the risk of recurrence; the higher the PAP level, the shorter the disease-free interval was. The disease stage (i.e., B or C) did not modify the 5-year survival period or the length of the remission. The prognosis is worse for a stage B prostatic cancer with a pathological PAP level than for a stage C cancer with a normal PAP level. A pathological PAP level seems to indicate the presence of occult metastases and should incite the clinician to actively investigate the matter.
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PMID:[Prognostic value of prostatic acid phosphatase in stage B and C prostatic cancer. Apropos of 84 cases]. 263 35

Transrectal ultrasound and TRUS-guided needle biopsy was studied in office practice to detect prostate cancer in men with palpably irregular prostates or elevated tumor markers (PAP/PSA). Of 330 men examined, 118 had TRUS biopsy: 33 were positive for adenocarcinoma, 13 were small volume, low stage lesions treated by R.R.P. Twenty-eight percent of all patients biopsied had adenocarcinoma: 11% (13) had low volume, low stage disease potentially curable by radical surgery, representing 4% of the total studied. TRUS in combination with markers does aid in the diagnosis of low stage prostatic adenocarcinoma. It is a practical, useful, office-based urologic procedure.
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PMID:Transrectal ultrasound used in office practice to aid in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the prostate. 265 85

Tumour markers are often circulating tumour-associated indicators of tumour development. As such they are not suitable for tumour screening and localization, but valuable as adjuncts for medical follow-up care of tumour patients, where their serum level alterations may anticipate the clinical detection of tumour behaviour by a lead time of 1 to 6 months before other methods. The following tumour may be controlled by established markers: endocrine tumours by NSE, calcitonin, parathormone, 5-HIAA, catecholamines/metabolites etc.; head-neck tumours: SCC, CEA; thyroid carcinoma: TG, calcitonin; lung cancer: CEA, NSE, SCC; liver cancer: AFP (PLC), CA 19-9 (cholangiocell.), CEA (secondary): biliary tract and pancreatic cancer: CA 19-9; colorectal carcinoma: CEA, CA 19-9; squamous cell carcinoma (ENT, oesophagus, anal): SCC; breast cancer: CEA and CA 15-3; ovarian cancer: CA 125 (epithelial), CA 19-9 (mucinous); germ cell tumours (ovary including trophoblastic tumours/testes): AFP and HCG; prostatic cancer: PAP and PSA; bladder cancer: TPA.
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PMID:[Clinical relevance of tumor markers]. 267 6

Three major assumptions emerged from these clinical and endocrine long-term studies. First, buserelin, given pernasally in the conventional doses, and Decapeptyl microcapsules administered intramuscularly in 5-week intervals are equally effective in terms of their long-term castration effect in previously untreated patients with prostatic carcinoma. However, Decapeptyl causes complete LH and subsequent testosterone down-regulation 1 week earlier than buserelin. Furthermore, this treatment is more convenient, and the compliance is better. Both LHRH analogues are equally well tolerated. Second, in groups of prostate cancer patients with far advanced disease treated with palliative intention, only true subjective or objective remission should be considered a positive treatment response. Third, our results comparing PAP and PSA as the two most useful tumor markers with the corresponding testosterone levels suggest a close correlation.
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PMID:Endocrine and clinical evaluation of 107 patients with advanced prostatic carcinoma under long-term pernasal buserelin or intramuscular decapeptyl depot treatment. 296 61

In order to achieve a more complete blockade of androgens of both testicular and adrenal origin at the start of treatment, we have administered the pure antiandrogen Flutamide in association with orchiectomy (13 patients) or the LHRH agonist [D-Trp6]LHRH ethylamide (118 patients) to previously untreated patients with clinical stage D2 prostate cancer. The mean duration of treatment was 491 days (102-1208 days). The response was assessed according to the criteria of the U.S. National Prostatic Cancer Project. A complete response has been observed in 30 patients (23%) while partial and stable responses have been achieved in 50 (38%0 and 45 (34%) patients, respectively. A positive objective response has thus been observed in 125 of 131 patients (95%). Serum PAP became normal before 6 months in all except 8 (6.1%) of patients. Quite remarkably, 23 of 48 patients treated for 2 years (47.9%) have achieved a complete response. Of the 20 deaths, 12 (9%) were due to prostate cancer, while 8 (6%) resulted from other causes. The probability of continuing a positive response after 2 years of treatment (according to Kaplan and Meier) is 60% while the probability of survival at the same time interval is 89%. This survival should be compared to values of approx 50% achieved with previous treatments limited to inhibition of testicular androgen secretion or action. The present data demonstrate that the combined blockade of androgens achieved with Flutamide and castration provides an objective response in approx 95% of patients, and markedly prolongs the period of remission while the death rate within the first 2 years is lower than that obtained with previous treatments. The important prolongation of survival is achieved with an excellent quality of life. Two-hundred and three patients have clinical stage D2 prostate cancer previously treated by orchiectomy, estrogens or LHRH agonists alone received, at the time of relapse, the same combination therapy. Patients already castrated received only Flutamide while, for those previously treated with DES, the estrogen was replaced by the LHRH agonist [D-Trp6]LHRH ethylamide in association with Flutamide. Flutamide was given as additional medication to those already receiving an LHRH agonist alone. Complete, partial and stable objective responses assessed according to the criteria of the U.S. National Prostatic Cancer Project were obtained in 11 (5.4%), 17 (8.4%) and 38 (18.7%) patients, respectively, for a total objective response rate of 32.5%. Progression continued in 137 (67.5%) patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Advantages of the combination therapy in previously untreated and treated patients with advanced prostate cancer. 310 Aug 71

We measured prostatic acid phosphatase levels by enzymeimmunoassay (PAP-EIA). Intraassay reproducibility of PAP-EIA was markedly good. In thirty normal males, PAP-EIA levels ranged from 0.24 ng/ml to 3.3 ng/ml, mean and S.D. being 0.94 ng/ml, 0.50 ng/ml, respectively. We made the upper limit of PAP-EIA for the normal range, 1.94 ng/ml (Mean + 2 S.D.). O 40 patients with untreated prostatic cancer, 34 patients (85%) gave positive results (1/3 33% of stage A, 3/4 75% B, 10/11 90% C, 20/22 90% D). One out of 12 patients with BPH, and one out of 11 with prostatitis gave positive results. The false positive rate was 9%. PAP levels of 324 samples from 111 patients with prostatic cancer were measured by EIA and radioimmunoassay (RIA). A significant correlation was noted between EIA and RIA (r = 0.997 p less than 0.001).
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PMID:[Prostatic acid phosphatase by enzymeimmunoassay]. 608 50

The levels of prostatic serum acid phosphatase (PSAP) were determined by radioimmunoassay using RIA-Quant PAP test kit on 14 normal females, 56 normal males, 25 patients with prostatitis, 74 patients with benign prostate hypertrophy, 129 patients with prostatic cancer, 50 patients with nonprostatic malignancies, and 16 post radical cystectomized males, making 364 cases in all. To diagnose prostatic cancer, a PSAP level of over 3.0 ng/ml was determined positive for differential diagnosis of prostatitis, benign prostate hypertrophy, and prostatic cancer. According to this criterium, the positive rate for each type of disease was: 0% for prostatitis, 5.4% for benign prostate hypertrophy, 80.6% for untreated prostatic cancer, and 2% for nonprostatic malignancies. In benign prostate hypertrophy, the cases with urethral catheters showed a tendency of high PSAP level, but no significant difference was observed. PSAP positive rates of untreated prostatic cancer by stage are 0% for Stage A, 57.1% for Stage B, 85.7% for Stage C, 100% for Stage D1, and 94.1% for Stage D2 cases at a high stage showing high positive rates. However, there seems to be a limit for the diagnosis of early prostatic cancer. As for the relationship between the grade of untreated prostatic cancer and PSAP, well differentiated tumors showed higher levels of PSAP in the study with cases of the same stage. However, with all the cases, less well differentiated tumors showed higher levels of PSAP. As a tumor marker for prostatic cancer in the observation of treatment response, the PSAP level of over 2.0 ng/ml was determined positive. The relationship between the judgement of treatment response and PSAP was: Objective stable for its increase or decrease within the normal range; progressive disease for its elevation from normal to positive level, or increase or decrease of PSAP level within the positive range; Objective partial regression or objective stable for normalization from positive level. The PSAP level in the internal iliac vein of the patients with prostatic cancer tended to be higher than that in the femoral vein or antecubital vein.
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PMID:[The significance of prostatic serum acid phosphatase as a tumor marker in prostatic cancer]. 608 11


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