Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0376358 (prostate cancer)
 59,338 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nearly all primary prostatic carcinomas have been found to express the androgen receptor (AR) protein, which is the intracellular mediator of androgen action. To gain a better insight into the mechanisms of androgen independence of advanced prostatic carcinoma, it is important to know whether the AR is also present in metastases of androgen-independent tumors. We have assessed the status of the AR and the prostate-specific antigen in 22 metastases of 18 patients with progressive prostate cancer. In 18 cases, the metastases were localized in bone, in 3 cases in the epidural space, and in 1 case in the periosteum. All but one patient had received some kind of endocrine treatment for prostatic carcinoma. Paraffin-embedded tissue sections were stained for the AR following a streptavidinbiotin-peroxidase protocol with the polyclonal antibody PG-21, which is directed against amino acids 1 through 21 of the rat and the human AR. The percentage of AR-positive cells was evaluated on the basis of an arbitrary 4-point scale. All 22 tumor metastases displayed AR positivity. One AR-positive metastatic lesion did not stain for prostate-specific antigen, but in all other metastases, this protein was detected by means of immunohistochemistry. The present study provides evidence that, unlike androgen-independent prostatic carcinoma cell lines, distant prostatic carcinoma metastases do express the AR. These findings indicate that the AR may be involved in the progression of prostate cancer.
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PMID:Distant metastases from prostatic carcinoma express androgen receptor protein. 754 9

Anti-HNK-1 monoclonal antibody (MAb) was reactive with non-cancerous and cancerous prostatic epithelia, as well as natural killer cells, myelinated nerves and cells from APUD systems. The expression of HNK-1 antigen on prostate cancer was investigated immunohistochemically by avidinbiotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) method with anti-HNK-1 MAb to clarify the relationship between anti-HNK-1 immunostaining of the cancerous tissue and the tumor differentiation, and that between the former and the survival rate of patients. Of 52 patients with prostate cancer, 49 were reactive with anti-HNK-1 MAb, the positive rate being 94%. The well differentiated cancer showed the highest percentage of positive cancer cells and the strongest staining, while the poorly differentiated cancer had the lowest percentage of positive cancer cells and the weakest staining. HNK-1 antigen was highly expressed on prostate cancer, and the better differentiated the cancer, the more HNK-1 antigen expressed. We also analyzed the total 5-year survival rate of the 52 patients, and the average 5-year survival rate and non-progression rate of 32 patients in stage D2 who had received only endocrinotherapy. Significantly higher survival rate and non-progression rate were observed in the group with more than two-thirds positive cancer cells as compared with the group with less than two-thirds positive cancer cells. The results suggest that the expression of HNK-1 antigen on prostate cancer may be a useful prognostic factor for patients with prostate cancer.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study of HNK-1 (Leu-7) antigen in prostate cancer and its clinical significance. 755 70

Serum prostate-specific antigen (PA) values detected by a newly developed enzyme immunoassay (EIA, MARKIT-M PA) as a successor of MARKIT-F PA, which has been a leading kit in Japan, were evaluated for its role in the diagnosis of cancer of the prostate and follow-up of the patients afflicted with the disease. The system is one-step sandwich type EIA using horseradish peroxidase as a tracer and has 0.50-100 ng/ml of detectable range with small amount of sample volume (25 microliters) and reliable quality control data. Furthermore, serum PA values detected by the assay were almost equivocal to those detected by MARKIT-F PA. Serum PA values in prostate cancer patients (n = 122) were statistically higher than those in normal males (n = 90), urological malignancies other than prostate cancer (n = 48) or benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH, n = 73). Even in the patients with stage A and B prostate cancer, serum PA values were observed to be statistically higher than those in BPH cases. If 3.6 ng/ml was used, which is normal value in MARKIT-F PA, as a cut-off value and BPH cases as a control, the sensitivity, specificity and efficacy for diagnosis of prostate cancer were 77.9, 91.8 and 83.1%, respectively, which showed the best results during the range examined. Serially determined serum PA values in following up the patients with prostate cancer were confirmed to be highly effective to evaluate treatment responses. These results suggest that MARKIT-M PA is thought to be one of the best tool for determination of serum PA values.
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PMID:[Measurement of serum PA values by a newly developed enzyme immunoassay]. 768 86

The anti-HNK-1 (Leu-7) monoclonal antibody (MAb) was revealed to be reactive with noncancerous and cancerous prostatic epithelial cells, although this antibody was originally found to be reactive against natural killer cells. However, the prognostic significance of HNK-1 antigen in prostatic cancer patients remains unknown. The expression of HNK-1 antigen on prostatic cancer was investigated immunohistochemically using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) method with the anti-HNK-1 monoclonal antibody. Of the 52 patients with prostatic cancer, 49 patients (94%) showed reactivity to anti-HNK-1 MAb and the immunoreaction was associated with the histological differentiation of prostatic cancer. Well differentiated cancer showed the highest percentage of positively stained cancer cells and poorly differentiated cancer showed the lowest percentage. No statistically significant differences existed between groups classified by stage, although the more advanced cancers tended to have weaker reactions. The five-year survival rate and interval free of progression were then studied using the Kaplan-Meier method on 33 patients with stage D2 disease who had received endocrine therapy. The findings indicated that a high survival rate and a longer interval free of progression were associated with a higher fraction of positively stained cancer cells. In conclusion, the expression of HNK-1 antigen on prostatic cancer may be a useful prognostic factor in patients with prostatic cancer.
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PMID:The prognostic value of the HNK-1 (Leu-7) antigen in prostatic cancer--an immunohistochemical study. 768 13

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is produced by a variety of malignant tumors and has been implicated as a major cause of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. Expression of PTHrP in prostate cancer tissue was studied immunohistochemically using 33 radical prostatectomy specimens from patients with clinically localized carcinoma of the prostate. None of these patients demonstrated hypercalcemia prior to the surgery. Acetone-methyl benzoate-xylene-processed, paraffin-embedded tissues were stained with a validated mouse monoclonal antibody to an amino acid fragment, PTHrP(109-141), using the streptavidin-peroxidase enzyme conjugate method. All cases (33 of 33; 100%) studied demonstrated some degree of immunoreactivity throughout the cytoplasm of the tumor cells, but immunostaining was absent from inflammatory and stromal cells. The intensity of the staining appeared to directly correlate with increasing tumor grade. The widespread immunohistochemical localization of PTHrP in carcinoma of the prostate suggests that PTHrP may play some local role in the growth of transformed cells in the prostate. Furthermore, overexpression of PTHrP may be a possible marker to evaluate the malignant potential of carcinoma of the prostate.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical localization of parathyroid hormone-related protein in human prostate cancer. 846 85

Gamma-seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) is one of the serine proteinases in seminal plasma, and is well known as a tumor marker of prostate cancer. In the blood, a major portion of gamma-Sm combines with alpha 1 antichymotrypsin (ACT), a serine proteinase inhibitor. We developed a sensitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the gamma-Sm-ACT complex using two different monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). One MoAb, prepared against gamma-Sm, is used for the capture, and the other, prepared against ACT, is conjugated with horseradish peroxidase and used for detection. The detectable range of this assay in clinical applications was from 0.2 to 50 units/ml. The intra-assay coefficients of variation (CV%) obtained from ten repeated assays of three sera were 3.6 to 5.5%. The mean gamma-Sm-ACT complex concentration in the sera of normal individuals was determined to be 0.86 +/- 0.11 units/ml for males (n = 50) and 0.11 +/- 0.08 units/ml for females (n = 54). There was no significant increase in the level of the complex with increasing age in males. The ratio of the gamma-Sm-ACT complex to free gamma-Sm tended to be significantly higher in patients with prostate cancer than in those with benign prostatic hyperplasia.
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PMID:[Specific quantification of gamma-seminoprotein-alpha 1 antichymotrypsin complex in serum by monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay]. 855 80

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is one of the most useful tumor markers for the screening and follow-up of prostate cancer. Bispecific monoclonal antibodies (bsMAbs) are unique immunoprobes that incorporate two different binding sites in the same antibody molecule. This antibody designing can bring important advantages in the development of new immunoassays. We have developed a new hybrid hybridoma that secretes bsMAb anti-PSA x anti-horseradish peroxidase. This bsMAb has shown rapid kinetics and an excellent detection limit in a sandwich single-step assay with a total incubation time of 15 min and a 5-min substrate development. This assay in a manual format has a detection limit of 0.028 microgram/L. Comparison with the Hybritech Tandem-E PSA assay yielded a regression equation with slope = 0.433 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.415-0.451], intercept = 0.88 (CI = 0.45-1.31), and Sy/x = 1.83 micrograms/L (r = 0.98). This new immunoprobe can be used to develop a new generation of assays for clinical laboratories and can be adapted to screening devices for physicians' offices and even home diagnostics.
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PMID:Novel bispecific immunoprobe for rapid and sensitive detection of prostate-specific antigen. 910 68

Chelates with fluorescent lanthanides such as europium and terbium are widely used in immunofluorometric assays, e.g. for the measurement of different molecular forms of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in serum for detection and monitoring of prostate cancer. These chelates have also been introduced as non-radioactive labels in immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. In the present study, sections of non-malignant prostate were investigated using monoclonal IgGs against PSA. Detection of specific immunostaining employing time-resolved fluorescence with europium-labeled streptavidin was compared with conventional detection by streptavidin conjugated to horse-radish peroxidase. The high PSA concentration in the tissue produced high intensity, specific time-resolved fluorescence signals in the epithelial cells of the prostate gland without disturbance from non-specific tissue autofluorescense. This allowed short exposure times to be used which resulted in insignificant photobleaching. Two of the three europium-chelates evaluated yielded high signal intensities. Counterstaining was found to be optimal with Gill No. 1-Haematoxylin solution and Merckoglas was the best mounting medium for the europium chelates tested. In conclusion, time-resolved fluorescence imaging is an attractive alternative to conventional detection of streptavidin conjugated to horse-radish peroxidase, as it provides linear, high intensity, specific signals subsequent to the decay of non-specific tissue autofluorescence.
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PMID:Time-resolved fluorescence in immunocytochemical detection of prostate-specific antigen in prostatic tissue sections. 1040 22

Ki-67 and P53 expression were studied using immunohistochemistry on tissue samples obtained during transurethral electroresection or needle biopsy in 62 patients with prostatic lesions: group 1 (n = 15)--benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), group 2 (n = 10)--high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN 3), group 3 (n = 10)--low-grade prostatic carcinoma (PC, Gleason score 2-4), group 4 (n = 12) intermediate-grade prostatic carcinoma (PC, Gleason score 5-7) and group 5 (n = 15) high-grade prostatic carcinoma (PC, Gleason score 8-10). Moreover, in the groups examined the associations between expression of Ki-67 and P53 were analysed. Paraffin-embedded tissue samples were immunostained with monoclonal antibody anti-P53 and polyclonal antibody anti-Ki-67 using avidinbiotin-peroxidase method. Our study revealed lack of Ki-67 and P53 immunoreactivity in BPH. Only 3 out of 10 high-grade PIN exhibited Ki-67 positivity, but there was no immunopositivity of P53 protein in this group. Although immunopositivity of Ki-67 increased with the histological grade of prostatic cancer, the differences in Ki-67 expression between intermediate and high-grade cancer did not reach statistical significance. A similar level of Ki-67 reactivity in intermediately-differentiated and poorly-differentiated prostate cancer suggests a similar biology of these cancers. P53 protein positivity was noted in 62.2% cases of prostate cancer. Moreover, the highest level of P53 accumulation in intermediate-grade carcinomas may predict the aggressive progression and risk of metastases in these cases. No significant differences in P53 immunopositivity between low-grade and high-grade PC were noted. Interestingly, only in low-grade PC there was a significant positive correlation between expression of Ki-67 and P53 protein.
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PMID:Ki-67 antigen and P53 protein expression in benign and malignant prostatic lesions. Immunohistochemical quantitative study. 1083 1

Within normal human prostate epithelium, basal and luminal cells can be discriminated by their expression of keratins (K). While basal cells express K5/14, luminal cells show expression of K8/18 and an intermediate cell population can be identified by co-expression of K5/18. Prostate cancer is predominantly composed of luminal and neuroendocrine cells, while a minority of cells have a basal phenotype. In order to distinguish between basal and intermediate cells, and to assess the effects of androgen deprivation on prostate cancer, 56 human prostate cancer metastases and three cancer cell lines were characterized using antibodies to K5, K14, K18, and the neuroendocrine marker chromogranin A (ChA). The staining was performed on paraffin tissue and visualized by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method. Protein expression was quantified as the number of positive cells in 20 high power fields (HPF; 400x). Keratin expression in the prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP, DU145, and PC3 was analysed by immunofluorescence with triple staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Prostate cancer metastases were consistently positive for K18 and negative for K14, irrespective of hormonal therapy. K5 expression was displayed in 28.9% of the tumours without treatment, in 75% after androgen deprivation, and in 57.1% of hormone-escaped prostate carcinomas. After androgen deprivation, the number of K5-expressing cells increased significantly. While androgen-dependent prostate cancer showed a median of 0 cells/20 HPF (range 0-50), regressed tumours displayed 22.5 (range 0-65) and hormone-escaped tumours 7.5 (range 0-361) positive cells/20 HPF. Expression of ChA was observed in 47.4% of the androgen-dependent tumours. The number of neuroendocrine cells was not significantly affected in regressed or hormone-escaped disease. The androgen-dependent cell line LNCaP stained for K18, while the androgen-independent lines DU145 and PC3 both expressed K5 and 18. Expression of K5 in the absence of K14 identifies the existence of an intermediate cell population in prostate carcinoma. Accumulation of intermediate cells in regressed and hormone-escaped prostate cancer indicates that for their survival, these cells are androgen-independent.
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PMID:Expression of basal cell keratins in human prostate cancer metastases and cell lines. 1174 92


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