Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0376358 (prostate cancer)
 59,338 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Similarities between pancreatic, prostate and mammary tumors in possession of steroidal receptors and enzymes led to investigation of the responsiveness of pancreatic cancer to steroids with potential for tumor inhibition. The compounds were tested in vitro against human (HPAF and PANC-1) and hamster (HP-1) pancreatic ductal tumor cell lines using a colorimetric enzyme-based assay (MTT) to assess both cytotoxic and cytostatic effects and the 3H-thymidine uptake assay for cytostatic effects. Only certain 6-methylenic steroidal 3-ketones and the anti-estrogen tamoxifen citrate exerted appreciable anti-tumor effects. Marked cytotoxic and cytostatic activity was shown by some 6-methylenic congeners of progesterone, testosterone and its acetate, and 4-androstene-3,17-dione on both human and hamster pancreatic tumor cell lines. In contrast to prostate cancer, testosterone, but not 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, enhanced growth of the well differentiated HPAF cell line as well as the poorly differentiated PANC-1 cell line. It is therefore surprising that the 6-methylene derivative of testosterone acetate, which is both a potent androgen and 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor, is a very active tumor inhibitor in our assay.
 ...
PMID:Growth modulatory effects of some 6-methylenic steroids on human and hamster pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells in vitro. 133 65

The response of advanced prostatic cancer with metastatic chest wall tumor to high-dose diethylstilbestrol diphosphate (DESP) therapy was monitored by in vivo 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) study. A eighty-three year old man with Stage D2 prostatic cancer had been treated with chlormadinone acetate and cyclophosphamide since 1984. He was admitted to our hospital with a chest wall tumor and anemia on May 9, 1992. The elevated PAP, PSA and gamma-Sm levels were also observed. Needle biopsy of the tumor revealed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma metastatic from the prostatic cancer. The patient received 500 mg of DESP by DIV daily for 10 days, and the tumor was reduced by 54% clinically. The abnormal PAP, PSA and gamma-Sm levels returned to almost normal range by three weeks after the initiation of high-dose DESP therapy, and regression of the tumor was confirmed by the MRI. After the first administration of DESP, the MR spectra of the chest wall tumor showed elevated peaks of phosphomonoesters and phosphodiesters. These substances are related to the membrane metabolism and their increase represents the membranous degeneration of tumor cells. The same changes continued consecuitively for three weeks, and corresponded with the regression of the tumor. In conclusion, these results suggest that in vivo 31P MRS of malignant tumors can be useful for evaluating early response to therapy prior to other clinical examinations.
 ...
PMID:[Monitoring tumor response to therapy by means of 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A case of advanced prostatic cancer with metastatic chest wall tumor]. 802 47

Since the first suggested use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for detecting cancer, followed by the demonstration of the feasibility of imaging based on the NMR signal in 1973, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become the modality of choice for a variety of clinical applications. Subsequently, the use of NMR spectroscopy (MRS) to detect the presence of different metabolites in vivo has provided unique opportunities for obtaining physiological and biochemical information. More recently, improvements in NMR equipment (magnet, electronics, computers, gradients coils, radiofrequency coils) and pulse sequences (software) have further improved these capabilities. The distinctions between MRI and MRS have begun to blur as new techniques emerge that combine imaging and spectroscopy, generating MRS images of a variety of metabolites. This review provides a brief overview of recent developments in MRS studies pertinent to the clinical evaluation of prostate cancer. The paper has been divided into three parts: a brief qualitative theoretical section about MRS, a review of in vitro studies, and a discussion of the clinical studies of the human prostate.
 ...
PMID:Magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies of the prostate. 1106 68

One of the most lethal aspects of cancer arises from its ability to invade and metastasize. Determining the factors that promote cancer cell invasion and metastasis is therefore critically important in treating this disease. The tumour physiological environment is uniquely different from normal tissue, and exhibits hypoxia, acidic extracellular pH and high levels of lactate. This environment, dictated largely by abnormal tumour vasculature and metabolism, in turn also promotes angiogenesis. The physiological environment, tumour metabolism, angiogenesis and vascularization are therefore inextricably linked. We have developed and applied non-invasive magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (I) and spectroscopy (S) techniques to understand the role of vascular, physiological and metabolic properties in cancer invasion and metastasis. These MR studies are performed with human breast and prostate cancer cells maintained in culture or grown as solid tumours in immune-suppressed mice. We have detected significant differences in vascular, physiological and metabolic characteristics of metastatic and non-metastatic human breast and prostate cancer models with MRI and MRS. Using a combined MRI/MRS approach we are currently acquiring metabolic, extracellular pH and vascular images from the same localized regions within a solid tumour to further understand the dynamics between these parameters and their role in cancer invasion and metastasis.
 ...
PMID:The physiological environment in cancer vascularization, invasion and metastasis. 1172 32

At this time there is no highly sensitive and specific widespread radiographic test for local staging of prostate cancer. Future developments will likely require a combination of imaging modalities with utilization guided by risk-stratification models (Table 4). Staging data for all imaging tests discussed in this article are summarized in Tables 5 and 6. Clinically, conventional gray-scale TRUS remains the most frequently used tool because of its utility in guiding prostatic biopsies. Modifications of TRUS--including power and color Doppler, 3D imaging, and new ultrasound contrast agents and elastography--show promise in increasing the accuracy of ultrasound. Endorectal MRI may have some value for staging selected patients. The addition of prostatic MRS, which images the differential activity of metabolites, may increase the specificity of MRI. Newer techniques with finer voxel resolution may prove to be clinically useful. A large well-designed study evaluating the utility of MRI/MRS is currently being planned. Cross-sectional imaging of the pelvis with either MRI or CT should be used selectively as should radionuclide bone scans. Similarly, ProstaScint scans should be ordered selectively, either before or after primary therapy, rather than routinely in all patients.
 ...
PMID:Imaging clinically localized prostate cancer. 1273 4

Image registration is an important step in the radiotherapy treatment planning process. It provides a method of fusing different types of diagnostic imaging information. One such application is to combine magnetic resonance spectroscopic images (MRSI) of the prostate with anatomical MRI and/or computed tomography images that are routinely used in the radiation treatment planning of prostate cancer. MRSI provides in vivo information related to the underlying metabolic activity of tissues, and can be related to the presence of cancer. However, the inflated endorectal coil required during MRS imaging poses a potential problem by deforming the prostate when it is filled with approximately 100 cm3 of air during image acquisition. This pushes the prostate superiorly/anteriorly, deforming the prostate and consequently the spectroscopic imaging data in a nonlinear manner. In this application, the coil-deformed MRS images are warped back to a non-deformed state, using a single data set. A nonlinear warping algorithm is presented to achieve this. Results indicate that the algorithm attains an accuracy of 97% (4 cm3 difference) when reproducing the total prostate volume compared to a Radiation Oncologist defined prostate volume. This difference is slightly smaller than the measured intra-operator variance of +/-1.5 cm3 (deflated coil) and the measured algorithm variance of +/-1.0 cm3. Additionally, intraprostatic nodules were used to assess the accuracy of the warping algorithm in regions inside the prostate. While choosing anatomical tie points along the external prostate surface, analysis of the nodules revealed the algorithm accuracy reduced to 63-93%.
 ...
PMID:A feasibility study to investigate the use of thin-plate splines to account for prostate deformation. 1593 Jun 8

The goal of this study was to discuss the value of integrating biological imaging (PET, SPECT, MRS etc.) in radiation treatment planning and monitoring. Studies in patients with brain tumors have shown that, compared to CT and MRI alone, the image fusion of CT/MRI and amino acid SPECT or PET allows a more correct delineation of gross tumor volume (GTV) and planning target volume (PTV). For FDG-PET comparable results with different techniques are reported in the literature also for bronchial carcinoma, ear-nose-and-throat tumors, and cervical carcinoma, or, in the case of MRS, for prostate cancer. Imaging of hypoxia, cell proliferation, apoptosis, tumor angiogenesis, and gene expression leads to the identification of differently aggressive areas of a biologically inhomogeneous tumor mass that can be individually and more appropriately targeted using innovative IMRT. Thus, a biological, inhomogeneous dose distribution can be generated, the so-called dose painting. In addition, the biological imaging can play a significant role in the evaluation of the therapy response after radiochemotherapy. Clinical studies in ear-nose-and-throat tumors, bronchial carcinoma, esophagus carcinoma, and cervical carcinoma suggest that the sensitivity and specificity of FDG-PET for the therapy response are higher compared to anatomical imaging (CT and MRI). Clinical and experimental studies are required to define the real impact of these investigations in radiation treatment planning, and especially in the evaluation of therapy response.
 ...
PMID:Biological imaging in radiation oncology. 1617 Oct 34

The results of recent studies of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combined with three-dimensional magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (3D-MRSI) demonstrate that the MRI/3D-MRSI exam is a unique method by which to noninvasively study the cellular metabolism and anatomy of the prostate. 3D-MRSI is emerging as the most specificity tool for non-invasive evaluation of the prostate cancer. The results of current MRI/3D-MRSI studies also provide evidence that the magnitude of metabolic changes in regions of cancer before therapy, as well as the extent of the time course of metabolic changes after therapy, may improve our understanding of cancer aggressiveness. Assessment of cancer spread outside the prostate can be significantly improved by combining MRI findings with estimates of metabolic abnormalities provided by 3D-MRSI. Clinically, combined MRI/3D-MRSI has already demonstrated a potential for improved diagnosis, staging, and treatment planning for patients with prostate cancer. This article reviewed the value of 3D-MRS imaging for the diagnosis, localization, staging, aggressiveness, and treatment planning of prostate cancer.
 ...
PMID:Prostate cancer: value of magnetic resonance spectroscopy 3D chemical shift imaging. 1695 79

Over the past decade, our program has focused on understanding the role of the physiological environment, tumor vasculature, and metabolism in several of the aggressive phenotypic traits of cancer, such as invasion and metastasis. These studies have been performed primarily with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) on human breast and prostate cancer models. During the course of these studies, we observed specific changes in choline phospholipid metabolism associated with a more aggressive phenotype. Molecular or pharmacologic interventions that reduced this aggressiveness were also consistent with a reversal of these alterations. In this contextual review, we have outlined the insight we have gained from these studies and have discussed some of the enzymes and pathways that may present novel targets for pharmaceutical interventions in cancer.
 ...
PMID:Choline phospholipid metabolism in cancer: consequences for molecular pharmaceutical interventions. 1700 48

In a patient suspected of having recurrent prostate cancer after radiation therapy, we demonstrate the feasibility of noninvasive proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic (1H-MRS) imaging of the prostate and a lymph node at 3 T using a matrix of external surface coils. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient. With 1H-MRS imaging, high choline with low citrate signal was observed in the prostate, and in the lymph node a signal of choline-containing compounds was identified. The tissue level of the compounds in the enlarged lymph node was estimated to be 8.1 mmol/kg water. Subsequent histopathological analysis of systematic transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy and computed tomography-guided biopsy of the lymph node confirmed the presence of prostate cancer in both.
 ...
PMID:Prostate and lymph node proton magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopic imaging with external array coils at 3 T to detect recurrent prostate cancer after radiation therapy. 1750 14


1 2 3 4 Next >>