Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0376358 (prostate cancer)
 59,338 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was measured by polyclonal radioimmunoassay in 45 untreated patients with prostatic cancer and 14 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) was determined in 35 patients with prostatic cancer and 14 patients with benign hyperplasia. Serum PSA was raised in 42 patients with cancer of the prostate, but only 14 of 35 patients showed increased serum levels of PAP. Half the patients with benign prostate hyperplasia had PSA greater than 4 micrograms/l and one third had PSA greater than 10 micrograms/l. PAP was slightly elevated in two patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Serum PSA increased with the clinical stage of prostatic cancer. However, preoperative levels of PSA were not sufficiently reliable to predict the final pathological stage for each individual patient. After radical prostatectomy for cancer confined to the prostate, serum PSA fell to an undetectable level.
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PMID:[Prostate-specific antigen. A new biological serum marker for prostatic adenocarcinoma]. 170 Apr 96

Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) levels were measured in 70 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and in 70 patients with prostatic cancer. PSA was increased above the cutoff level of 10 ng/ml in 13% of patients with BPH and in 87% of patients with prostatic cancer. In contrast, abnormal PAP levels were found in 14 and 76% of patients, respectively. We concluded that, due to its high specificity, PSA is a useful marker in the management of patients with prostatic carcinoma and that it surpasses PAP in this regard.
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PMID:Clinical usefulness of prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase in patients with prostatic cancer. 170 Aug 60

This study of 133 patients with localized prostate cancer (Stages A2 to C), treated by external beam radiation therapy (XRT), was undertaken for two reasons: (1) to investigate the usefulness of pretreatment serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in evaluating patients before XRT; and (2) to investigate post-XRT changes in PSA values and their likely clinical significance. It was found that pretreatment PSA values in patients with localized disease exhibit wide patient to patient variability with a greater than 100-fold difference between the lowest and highest values. Although mean PSA values were significantly higher in Stage C disease (51 patients; mean PSA, 17.3 ng/ml) than in Stage A2 disease (31 patients; mean PSA, 9.0 ng/ml), Stage B1 disease (23 patients; mean PSA, 9.1 ng/ml), or Stage B2 disease (28 patients; mean PSA, 10.6 ng/ml), individual values were of virtually no help in assigning individual patients to a clinical stage. PSA levels did not correlate with grade. After XRT, PSA values fell significantly and dramatically in virtually all patients (98%) by 3 months follow-up. Mean PSA fell from 12.5 to 2.6 ng/ml, and median PSA fell from 6.6 to 1.9 ng/ml. In most patients, PSA continued to fall up to 12 months after XRT and then stabilized at 21 months. Although PSA values fell dramatically after XRT, PSA was detectable in the serum of all patients. PSA values tended to transiently and mildly elevate during XRT. In a small proportion of patients, rising PSA values were observed after 6 months. The full significance of this requires further follow-up, of four such patients, one has relapsed. PSA is a more sensitive marker of prostatic radiation than prostatic acid phosphatase.
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PMID:Prostate-specific antigen and external beam radiation therapy in prostate cancer. 170 49

Serum testosterone and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels were measured in 3 patients with Stage D2 prostate cancer before and after discontinuation of the long-acting LHRH agonist, goserelin acetate (Zoladex). The patients had received goserelin acetate for ten, sixteen, and thirty months prior to discontinuing the drug because of progressive metastatic disease. In all 3 patients, PSA and testosterone levels increased after goserelin acetate was discontinued. In 2 patients the testosterone level reached normal levels. A bilateral orchiectomy was performed one hundred sixty, one hundred, and seven days, respectively, after the drug was discontinued. In all 3 cases PSA and testosterone levels were reduced following castration, although PSA levels again began to increase within two weeks of orchiectomy in 2 of the 3 patients. These findings suggest that suppression of testosterone by LHRH agonists is not permanent and if tumor progression occurs, maintaining hormone suppression may still be beneficial.
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PMID:Response to orchiectomy following Zoladex therapy for metastatic prostate carcinoma. 170 66

To investigate whether radiologists can objectively define a high-risk group for prostate cancer, the researchers measured gland volume and compared it with results of a screening blood test, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) assay. A total of 768 men, aged 55-71 years, were self-referred to two prostate cancer screening programs using transrectal ultrasound (US) and digital rectal examination. In patients with no evidence of cancer, statistically significant increases in mean PSA values were noted with increasing gland volume ranges (P less than .05). PSA values in patients with cancer were more likely to exceed the volume-adjusted 95th percentile (mean + [1.65.standard deviation]) than those in patients with negative biopsy results (P less than .005). Patients with PSA values above the volume-adjusted 95th percentile have an estimated risk for prostate cancer up to nine times that of the general screening population. The researchers conclude that knowledge of transrectal US gland volume and prostate-specific antigen assay type are important objective variables for future prostate cancer screening programs. The volume-adjusted 95th percentiles presented may help guide cost-effective management of current early detection efforts.
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PMID:Determination of prostate volume with transrectal US for cancer screening. Part I. Comparison with prostate-specific antigen assays. 170 94

We have studied the forms of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in serum of patients with prostatic cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Fractionation of serum by gel filtration and assay of the fractions for PSA showed that a considerable part of the PSA immunoreactivity in serum consisted of complexes that were larger than PSA. The complexes were assayed by time-resolved immunofluorometric assays based on an antibody against PSA on the solid phase and europium-labeled antibodies against various protease inhibitors as indicator antibodies. In addition to its monomeric form, PSA was found to occur in complex with alpha 1-antichymotrypsin. The proportion of the alpha 1-antichymotrypsin complex was a major form of PSA and it increased with increasing PSA concentrations, being over 85% at PSA levels exceeding 1000 micrograms/liter. A complex with alpha 1-protease inhibitor was also observed in serum of patients with prostatic cancer and very high levels of PSA. Complexes with alpha 2-macroglobulin and inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor were detected, but their concentrations were low and similar in sera of cancer patients, normal men, and normal women, suggesting that they were not prostate derived. Commercial immunoradiometric assays for PSA were found to measure free PSA and its complexes with alpha 1-antichymotrypsin but not the complexes with alpha 2-macroglobulin and inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor. The proportion of the PSA-alpha 1-antichymotrypsin complex was higher in patients with prostatic cancer than in those with benign hyperplasia. Therefore, assay of the complex had a higher sensitivity for cancer than assay of total PSA immunoreactivity.
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PMID:A complex between prostate-specific antigen and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin is the major form of prostate-specific antigen in serum of patients with prostatic cancer: assay of the complex improves clinical sensitivity for cancer. 170 33

To evaluate the usefulness of tumor markers in monitoring the patients with prostate cancer, serial measurements of serum prostate-specific antigen (PA), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and gamma-seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) were performed in 78 stage C or D patients. Positive rates of each marker prior to the treatment were as follows; PA; 75%, PAP; 56% and gamma-Sm; 62% in stage C, and PA; 95%, PAP; 79% and gamma-Sm; 91% in stage D. In most cases showing PR (partial response) and S (stable) in clinical responses, these three markers decreased their serum titers corresponding to clinical course if the markers were elevated at the start of the treatment. But the usefulness of PAP was lessened because of its lower positive rate than those of PA and gamma-Sm. In 33 PD (progressive disease) cases, positive rates of each marker at time of clinical diagnosis as PD were found to be 85% in PA, 55% in PAP and 76% in gamma-Sm. And with the combination assays of these three tumor markers, positive rate was elevated to 88%. Moreover, elevation of serum values of these three markers at 3 months before the progression event were observed in 50% of PA, 39% of PAP and 46% of gamma-Sm. Then the prognostic significance of each marker was examined. In PA and PAP, there were statistical differences in non-relapsing rates between patients whose reduction rates from the pretreatment value on 7th day were more than and less than 50%. But in gamma-Sm, a statistical difference between each group was firstly observed on 14th day. As a result, in monitoring patients with prostate cancer, PA and gamma-Sm are more useful than PAP and, in prediction of patients' prognosis, PA is more useful than gamma-Sm.
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PMID:[Clinical studies on tumor markers for monitoring prostate cancer patients; the evaluation of prostate-specific antigen and comparison with prostatic acid phosphatase and gamma-seminoprotein]. 170 55

The value of screening for prostate cancer remains unclear. Although digital rectal examination, transrectal ultrasonography, and determination of serum prostate-specific antigen levels may lead to early detection of a malignancy, these procedures have never been shown to reduce disease-specific mortality from prostate cancer. Unfortunately, several potential errors found in uncontrolled trials may suggest benefit from screening where none exists. Only a large, randomized, controlled clinical study demonstrating decreased mortality from prostate cancer can prove that screening is beneficial. Until such a study is performed, patients should be informed of both the potential benefits and the risks of screening and treatment.
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PMID:Routine screening for cancer of the prostate. 188 61

The preoperative serum levels of prostate-specific antigen (PA) were determined in 35 consecutive patients who had clinically localized prostatic cancer and underwent bilateral staging pelvic lymphadenectomy. When 10.0 ng/ml of PA was used as the cutoff value for lymph node staging the specificity of an elevated PA level in revealing lymph node involvement was 77% with a sensitivity of 85% and an accuracy of 80%. Only 1 of 18 (6%) patients with negative PA levels (below 10 ng/ml) and a preoperative Gleason score 2-7 tumor had metastatic lymph node disease. Among the 17 patients with positive PA levels (above 10 ng/ml) or a Gleason score 8-10 tumor, 12 (71%) had lymph node involvement. The preoperative PA level and the extent of local tumor invasion correlated strongly with each other. Our study suggests that the PA level could be a simple and objective parameter with which to predict metastatic lymph node disease if used in conjunction with the Gleason histological grade.
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PMID:Value of prostate-specific antigen measurements in predicting lymph node involvement in prostatic cancer. 170 62

A monoclonal antibody (MAb) designated PD41 (IgG1k) was generated by hyperimmunizing BALB/c mice with a membrane preparation prepared from a moderately to poorly differentiated prostate carcinoma surgical specimen. The immunohistochemical reactivity of MAb PD41 was shown to be highly restricted to the ductal epithelia and secretions of prostate adenocarcinoma tissues. Sixty-five % of the prostate tumor specimens were stained with MAb PD41, whereas no staining of the fetal or benign prostate specimens was observed. PD41 reacted minimally with normal prostate tissues, with less than 1% of the epithelial cells staining. This MAb did not react with nonprostate carcinomas or to a variety of normal human tissues. Using both radioimmunoassay and immunofluorescent procedures, several cultured human tumor cell lines, human blood cells, and purified antigens to prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase also were found not to express the PD41 antigen. MAb PD41 also was shown to bind to the target antigen present in seminal plasma obtained from prostate carcinoma patients but not to seminal plasma from normal donors. Immunoblots of gel-separated components of prostate carcinoma tissue extracts indicate that the molecular weight of the proteins carrying the PD41 antigenic determinant can differ among individual tumors, ranging from Mr 90,000 to greater than 400,000. However, in seminal plasma from prostate cancer patients, the predominant component recognized by PD41 is the diffuse Mr greater than 400,000 band. It appears that this monoclonal antibody may recognize a prostate carcinoma-associated mucin-like antigen, which is preferentially expressed on prostate carcinomas, and therefore, may be a useful marker to distinguish benign prostate hyperplasia from prostate carcinoma.
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PMID:Monoclonal antibody PD41 recognizes an antigen restricted to prostate adenocarcinomas. 170 72


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