Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0376358 (prostate cancer)
 59,338 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

For prostate cancer, allelic deletions from the long arm of chromosome 10 (#10q23-25), the locus of the putative tumor suppressor gene MXI1 (#10q24-25), have been identified as a frequently occurring genetic event. During the development of several human malignancies, the c-myc proto-oncogene has been identified to enhance cellular transformation, mitogenesis and cell proliferation. The MXI1 gene, belonging to the helix-loop-helix (bHLH) gene family, was demonstrated to display tumor suppressor function by antagonizing c-myc induced transcriptional activities. Due to the detection of point mutations in the retained alleles of four primary adenocarcinomas of the prostate, MXI1 gene alterations have been suggested to be involved in the development and/or the progression of prostate cancer. To evaluate the role of MXI1 gene alterations for the development of adenocarcinoma of the prostate, 42 primary prostate cancers of different stage (T1-4) and histological grade (G1-3) were investigated for alterations within exons 4 and 5 of the MXI1 gene (spanning 6 exons in total), encoding for the functional HLH-Zip domain, by RNA-SSCP analysis and direct PCR-DNA-sequencing following the microscopically guided tumor cell dissection from 5 microm fresh-frozen buffer-soaked tissue sections. Even by application of this highly elaborated technical approach, MXI1 gene alterations could not be deleted in any of the tumor specimens investigated. Therefore, a substantial involvement of MXI1 gene alterations in the development of prostate cancer appears unlikely. The newly identified putative tumor suppressor gene PTEN, located at #10q23, might be responsible for the frequently observed allelic deletions from #10q23-25 in prostate cancer.
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PMID:The MXI1 tumor suppressor gene is not mutated in primary prostate cancer. 945 79

Using participants in the 1970-1972 Nutrition Canada Survey (NCS), a retrospective cohort study was conducted to assess the relationship between tea, as well as coffee, cola and alcohol, and the risk of developing prostate cancer. The mortality and cancer experience of male NCS participants aged 50-84 years was determined up to 31 December 1993. Among the 3400 survey participants included in the study, 145 developed prostate cancer. No association was observed between tea (predominantly black tea) intake and prostate cancer. Subjects who drank more than 500 ml of tea per day experienced virtually the same risk as those who reported no tea consumption (rate ratio (RR) 1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62-1.65). Compared to those who reported no coffee drinking, men who averaged more than 250-ml per day experienced a 40% increase in risk (95% CI 0.84-2.32). Cola consumption was not associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. Total alcohol consumption was not related to subsequent development of prostate cancer, although very moderate consumption of wine (< 10 g per day), relative to no consumption, showed an RR of 1.48 (95% CI 1.05-2.09). These data do not support an association between consumption of tea and prostate cancer risk.
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PMID:Tea and other beverage consumption and prostate cancer risk: a Canadian retrospective cohort study. 1083 May 80

The development of chemopreventive agents against prostate cancer would benefit from conclusive evidence of their efficacy in animal models that emulate human disease. To date there has been little in vivo evidence supporting their preventive capabilities. The 12T-10 Lady transgenic model spontaneously develops localized prostatic adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine cancer followed by metastases, recapitulating the natural history of human prostate cancer in many respects. Using male Lady version of the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate mice, we show that administration of antioxidants (vitamin E, selenium, and lycopene) in the diet dramatically inhibits prostate cancer development and increases the disease free survival. Treatment of animals with the antioxidants resulted in a 4-fold reduction in the incidence of prostate cancer compared with the untreated animals. Prostate cancer developed in 73.68% (14 of 19) and 100% (19 of 19) of the animals from the standard and high fat diet, respectively. In contrast, only 10.53% (2 of 19) and 15.79% (3 of 19; P < 0.0001) of the animals in the standard and high fat diets supplemented with antioxidants developed tumors. The micronutrients were well tolerated with no evidence of antioxidant-related toxicity. Histopathological analysis confirmed absence of cancer in the additive treated groups. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated a strong correlation between disease-free state and increased levels of the prognostic marker p27(Kip1) and a marked decrease in proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression. These observations provide support for the chemopreventive effect of these micronutrients and some clues as to their mechanism of action.
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PMID:Antioxidants block prostate cancer in lady transgenic mice. 1531 34

The upper normal limit of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) of 4 ng/ml is positively evaluated since it discriminates a large percentage of patients having prostate cancer. The PSA limit of 2.5 ng/ml may be used accordingly for patients younger than 50 years of age. The PSA range of 3.3-4 ng/ml may indicate a percentage of patients positive for prostate carcinoma. The PSA above 10 ng/ml indicates that patients have prostate carcinoma by more than 50 %, which is more than double as compared to patients having PSA limits between 4.1-10 ng/ml. It is important to repeat doubtful PSA tests after 3-4 months. If within a year an increase in PSA of more than 2 ng/ml is detected, a high risk of death from prostate cancer is expected. The time for doubling PSA values within a year is described as "velocity index". As for free PSA, this test is not often applied in many nuclear medicine centers. According to the Mayo Clinic, USA, instructions, when total PSA is 2-3.9 ng/ml and free PSA above 18% of these values, the possibility of prostate cancer is less than 10%. On the contrary, for the above total PSA values, if free PSA is less than 10% of these values, the possibility of prostate cancer increases to more than 30%. It is suggested that PSA values be expressed per g of prostate tissue in order to relate to prostate volume. However, one should have in mind that prostate carcinomas have less PSA per g than hyperthophic glands and their volume is usually larger. There are cases where treatment of prostate hypertrophy with finasteride or treatment of prostate cancer with anticancer drugs, may induce a false low PSA. More information about the practical importance of PSA values is expected after 2 or 3 years when a study by the National Cancer Institute of USA on 74,000 men will be completed.
Hell J Nucl Med
PMID:[Diagnostic and prognostic value of serum prostate specific antigen in prostate carcinoma]. 1768 90

Procollagen (I) carboxyterminal propeptide (PICP) is a metabolite of procollagen, a precursor molecule of collagen type I, which accounts for more than 90% of the organic matrix of the bones. Serum PICP levels indicate the rate of bone collagen synthesis and therefore the osteoblastic activity. In this study we evaluate the clinical usefulness of serum PICP as an indicator of bone metastases in patients with prostate cancer in relation to bone scan and to prostate specific antigen (PSA) measurements. We found no similar study in the literature relating these three tests. Seventy-eight patients (median age 63+/-4,3 years) with prostate adenocarcinoma were examined. The diagnosis was confirmed histologically. Bone metastases were diagnosed in 42 (54%) of them assessed by bone scans (Group A), while the remaining 36 patients (46%) had no bone metastases (negative bone scans and X-rays) (Group B). We also examined 21 patients with benign prostate hyperplasia as a control group (Group C). All patients had serum PICP measurements, bone scans with (99m)Tc-MDP and PSA measurements. None of them had a history of disease or of using drugs known to affect bone metabolism. Serum levels of PICP were assayed by a radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit (Orion Cooperation, Farmos Diagnostics, Finland). Serum PSA was also tested by a RIA kit (Tandem-R, Hybritech Inc, USA). PICP levels in Group A were 265+/-89 microg/l, in Group B 128+/-39 microg/l and in Group C patients 110+/-48 microg/l. High levels of PICP above 170 microg/l, were diagnostic of bone metastases with sensitivity 54%, specificity 93% and accuracy 84%. In comparison, PSA levels above 4 ng/ml were also diagnostic with a sensitivity of 68%, specificity of 91% and accuracy 88%. Patients with low levels of PICP, lower than 90 microg/l, n=31, had no bone metastases. The positive prognostic value of bone scan was 74% with a sensitivity of 76%, specificity of 58% and accuracy 71%. Positive bone scans combined with very high levels of PICP and PSA, had positive prognostic value 97%, with sensitivity of 78%, specificity of 96% and accuracy 97%, while bone scans with levels of PICP lower than 170 microg/l, had positive prognostic value of 32%. Levels of PICP and PSA were significantly higher in patients with prostate cancer and bone metastases in comparison to patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (P<0.0001) respectively. Also, levels of PICP and PSA were higher in patients with prostate cancer without metastases as compared to prostate hyperplasia (P<0.0005 and P<0.0001 respectively) (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test). When metastases were more extensive, PICP levels were higher than PSA. It is concluded that PICP as a marker of osteoblastic activity is useful for diagnosing bone metastases of prostate adenocarcinoma but when co-evaluated with PSA and the bone scan, the diagnostic accuracy of these three diagnostic procedures is much higher.
Hell J Nucl Med
PMID:[Correlation of procollagen (I) with prostate specific antigen and bone scan for the diagnosis of bone metastases in patients with prostate carcinoma]. 1584 Dec 91

The oncophilic complex of technetium-99m labeled pentavalent dimercaptosuccinic acid (99mTc(V)-DMSA) has been successfully used for the detection of primary and metastatic medullary thyroid cancer and for imaging various soft tissue tumors like lung, brain and prostate cancer. In this article, the role of 99mTc(V)-DMSA in the diagnosis of the primary tumor and metastases of osteosarcoma patients as compared to the 99mTc-MDP scan and the CT scan was studied. Twenty-eight patients with bone disease were referred to the Nuclear Medicine Department of Saint Savas Oncology Hospital in Athens from the Orthopedics Department of the same Hospital. From them, 18 (Group A) had osteosarcoma, 7 (Group B) osteomyelitis and 3 (Group C) bone fractures. The final diagnosis was made after fine needle aspiration biopsy. All patients were subjected to the 99mTc(V)-DMSA scan, the standard bone scan (99mTc-MDP) and CT scan. Group A patients showed a selective uptake of 99mTc(V)-DMSA in the primary tumor region. No abnormal 99mTc(V)-DMSA uptake was observed in the patients of Groups B and C. The 99mTc(V)-DMSA scan was found to be superior to the 99mTc-MDP and the CT scans in identifying metastases of osteosarcoma. Sensitivity was 100%, 86% and 98% respectively.
Hell J Nucl Med
PMID:The role of 99mTc(V)-DMSA scan as compared to 99mTc-MDP and CT scans in imaging the primary tumor and metastases of osteosarcoma. 1933 Jan 92

Prostate cancer is the third most frequent neoplasms in Spanish men and the third cause of cancer death. Incidence grows up with the increase of age. 90% of cases are diagnostic in people over 65 years old. Etiology is quite unknown and has been associated with environmental exposure, life style, family sign and genetic factors. In 2002 mortality rate was 21.5/ 100.000 (situated among the lowest in Europe), with more than 5.000 deaths. Trend of mortality has grown up until 1998, from this year it has decreased due to improve on diagnostic and treatment. In order to study prostate cancer incidence we find a difficulty due to shortage of population cancer register. Estimations have found incidence rates of 45.33/100.000 which are among the lowest in Europe. Annual incidence of prostatic cancer has grown up in all Spanish registers, not only improve in register systems explains it, but also the development of diagnosis tests with a higher survival from the beginning of 90s (86% the first year after diagnosis and 65,5% five years after diagnosis), similar to other European countries. Blow up the cancer register system is necessary to know the incidence and prevalence, to assess survival and effectiveness of screening programs and to improve the knowledge of risk factors.
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PMID:[Epidemiological situation of prostate cancer in Spain]. 1692 34

Clifton Leaf, in his article "Why We're Losing the War on Cancer," presents criticisms of past research approaches and the small impact of this research thus far on producing cures or substantially extending the life of many cancer patients. It is true that gains in long-term survival for people with advanced cancers have been modest, hindered in part by the heterogeneity of tumors, which allows the cancers to persist using alternate molecular pathways and so evade many cancer therapeutics. In contrast, clinical trials have demonstrated that it is possible to reduce the incidence or improve cancer survival through prevention and early detection. Strides have been made in preventing or detecting early the four deadliest cancers in the United States (i.e., lung, breast, prostate, and colorectal). For example, 7-year follow-up data from the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial (BCPT) provides evidence that tamoxifen reduces the occurrence of invasive breast tumors by more than 40%; recent studies using aromatase inhibitors and raloxifene are also promising. The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) showed that finasteride reduced prostate cancer incidence by 25%, and the ongoing Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) is investigating selenium and vitamin E for prostate cancer prevention based on encouraging results from earlier studies. Living a healthy lifestyle, including regular physical activity, avoiding obesity, and eating primarily a plant-based diet has been associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer. In addition, noninvasive stool DNA tests for early detection are being studied, which may lessen the reluctance of people to be screened for colorectal polyps and cancer. Behavioral and medical approaches for smoking prevention are ways to reduce the incidence of lung cancer, with antinicotine vaccines on the horizon that may help former smokers to avoid relapse. The US National Lung Screening Trial is testing whether early detection via spiral CT screening will reduce lung cancer mortality. Prevention and earlier detection offer efficient and practical strategies to reduce the cancer burden. Several of the suggestions Mr. Leaf makes, such as developing interdisciplinary collaborations and allocating resources to research earlier in the process of carcinogenesis, have become an integral strategy in the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) approach in the past decade, specifically in the realm of cancer prevention and early detection. For example, an aggressive program to identify biomarkers for earlier detection of cancer--the NCI's Early Detection Research Detection (EDRN)--has identified three promising biomarkers since its establishment in 2000. It collaborates with the National Institute of Standards and Technology and extramural scientists to develop validation standards and to identify the best technologies to use for systematic investigations. If these biomarkers can be validated, they might help to reduce cancer mortality.
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PMID:A favorable view: progress in cancer prevention and screening. 1730 81

The relation of steroid hormones (SH) with carcinogenesis is not well understood. There is a variation of opinions among researchers about the prognostic value of serum SH in patients with localized prostate cancer (PC). The aim of this was to study serum SH in patients with localized PC before and after radical prostatectomy (RP). Seventy patients with mean age 67+/-8 years, were studied. The diagnosis was confirmed by histology after a biopsy. None of the patients was submitted to hormonal treatment or radiotherapy prior to RP. Serum testosterone (TST), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were examined prior RP and one year following RP, by radioimmuno assay (RIA) or immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) methods. Based on serum PSA levels before and one year after RP, 66 of the patients did not have biochemical recurrence while 4 patients developed biochemical recurrence due to residual disease and were treated with flutamide and a LH-RH analogue. In the group of 66 patients there was a statistically significant increase in serum TST (P<0.001), LH (P=0.004) and FSH (P<0.001), and statistically significant decrease in serum DHT (P<0.001). In the four patients with biochemical recurrence, TST increased and serum DHT, LH and FSH decreased. In this group the reduction of DHT and LH, FSH were due to treatment with flutamide and a LH-RH analogue respectively. Our findings suggest that after RP increase of serum LH and FSH may have caused an increase in serum TSH and a decrease of serum DHT. If those changes are due to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis it may be that the prostate neoplasm before RP may have secreted a substance that induced a negative feedback to the pituitary gonadotrophin secretion, which was unrelated to varying serum PSA levels.
Hell J Nucl Med
PMID:[Serum testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone versus prostate specific antigen in patients with localized prostate adenocarcinoma who underwent radical prostatectomy. Radioimmunoassays measurements]. 1839 33

Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome is rare with yet unknown prevalence. The difficulty in recognizing the syndrome is due to the very wide diversity of its signs and symptoms, the lack of skin manifestations in many cases and to confusion in medical terminology in describing this syndrome. In this paper, we present two cases with characteristic bone lesions in bone scan and in radiology images that are considered to be SAPHO syndrome. In the first case the characteristic bone single photon emission tomography scan findings in a patient with spine involvement supposed by bone biopsy but were not followed by characteristic skin manifestations. The point of interest of this case lies on the significant improvement of both symptoms and scintigraphic findings after treatment with biphosphonates. In the second case the diagnosis was also based on the characteristic bone scan findings, although the patient referred to us for staging of prostate cancer. Detailed history and clinical examination revealed skin manifestations of the syndrome.
Hell J Nucl Med
PMID:Two cases of synovitis, acne, pustulosis, osteitis--SAPHO syndrome. 2041 Nov 80


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