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Query: UMLS:C0376358 (prostate cancer)
 59,338 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The relationship between prostate cancer and indicators of nutrition, diet and social factors was evaluated in a case-control study of 166 patients with histologically confirmed prostatic carcinoma and 202 control subjects hospitalized for acute diseases other than malignant, hormonal or urogenital. The relative risk increased with increasing body mass index, men being moderately overweight showing a 2.3 elevated risk, and those grossly overweight an over four-fold higher risk of prostate cancer, when allowance was made for several identified potential confounding factors. Cases also reported more frequent consumption of milk and other dairy products and meat, but no significant difference was noted for vegetable intake. The risk of prostate cancer was unrelated to marital status or indicators of social class based on occupation.
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PMID:Nutrition, social factors and prostatic cancer in a Northern Italian population. 371 35

In a prospective study, mortality ratios were computed in relation to overweight, cancer, and other diseases. The study included 750 000 men and women followed for 12 years. Each person was given a weight index. Death rates for overweight and underweight persons were compared with rates for persons of average weight. Men who were 40% or more overweight had a mortality ratio for cancer of 1.33; women, 1.55. This ratio was much lower than that for coronary heart disease (men, 1.95; and women, 2.07); diabetes (5.19 and 7.90), and digestive diseases (3.99 and 2.29). Overweight men had significantly higher mortality ratios for colorectal and prostate cancer; overweight women had much higher rates for cancer of the endometrium, gall bladder, and cervix; and also significantly higher rates for ovary and breast cancer.
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PMID:Overweight and cancer. 406 20

Findings described in this report are for 6,763 white male Seventh-day Adventists who completed a dietary questionnaire in 1960. Between 1960 and 1980 mortality data were collected on cohort members. Overweight men had a significantly higher risk of fatal prostate cancer than men near their desirable weight. The predicted relative risk of fatal prostate cancer was 2.5 for overweight men. Suggestive positive associations were also seen between fatal prostate cancer and the consumption of milk, cheese, eggs, and meat. There was an orderly dose-response between each of the four animal products and risk. The predicted relative risk of fatal prostate cancer was 3.6 for those who heavily consumed all four animal products. The results of this study and others suggest that animal product consumption and obesity may be risk factors for fatal prostate cancer.
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PMID:Diet, obesity, and risk of fatal prostate cancer. 646 22

Smoking, obesity, alcohol, and physical activity can modulate the endocrine system, and therefore have been hypothesized to play a role in the etiology of prostate cancer. At baseline in 1982, 80 percent (n = 3,673) of the noninstitutionalized persons age 65+ in two rural Iowa (United States) counties were enrolled into the Iowa 65+ Rural Health Study. Follow-up for mortality was complete through 1993, and cancer experience was determined by linkage to the State Health Registry of Iowa cancer database for the years 1973-93. We analyzed data on 1,050 men aged 65 to 101 years (mean age 73.5) with a full interview in 1982 and with no documented cancer in the 10 years prior to baseline. Through 1993 (8,474 person-years of follow-up), there were 71 incident cases of prostate cancer. In a multivariate model, age, cigarette smoking (relative risk [RR] = 2.9 for currently smoking 20 or more cigarettes per day compared with never smoking; P trend = 0.009), greater body mass index (BMI) (wt/ht2) (RR = 1.7 for BMI > 27.8 kg/m2 compared with < 23.6; P trend = 0.1), and greater level of physical activity (RR = 1.9 for high activity level cf inactive; P trend = 0.05) were independent predictors of prostate cancer, and these associations were stronger for regional or disseminated disease at diagnosis. Percent change in BMI from age 50 to baseline was associated positively with risk (P trend = 0.01), and this association appeared to be stronger in heavier men. There were no data on diet. These findings suggest that smoking, overweight, and weight gain in later life are risk factors for prostate cancer and support a hormonal etiology; the positive association for physical activity confirms some previous reports, but remains without a credible biologic mechanism.
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PMID:Association of smoking, body mass, and physical activity with risk of prostate cancer in the Iowa 65+ Rural Health Study (United States). 913 47

Prostate cancer risk is associated with a high-fat diet and a sedentary lifestyle. Placing men on a low-fat diet-and-exercise intervention reduces serum hormones, including estradiol, insulin, and free testosterone, that may play a role in prostate cancer growth. Eight men participated in a low-fat diet-and-exercise program for a mean of 14.2 yr, and LNCaP cell growth in culture was measured in medium supplemented with 10% of each subject's serum as well as with testosterone, estradiol, and insulin added singly or in combination. These results were compared in the fetal bovine serum (FBS)-stimulated growth and cell growth in serum obtained from a control group of 14 overweight men. In separate tissue culture experiments, LNCaP and PC-3 cell growth was also measured in response to the addition of testosterone, estradiol, or insulin to steroid-stripped FBS. LNCaP cell growth in medium with subject serum was 40% less than in FBS-stimulated medium and 49% less than in medium with serum from control, overweight men. Addition of testosterone, estradiol, and insulin to serum from diet-and-exercise subjects significantly stimulated LNCaP cell growth in vitro but accounted for only about half of the difference between the control and diet-and-exercise subjects. Thus other serum changes must also account for the significant reduction in LNCaP cell growth observed using medium with serum from the diet-and-exercise subjects in the cell culture assay.
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PMID:Role of testosterone, estradiol, and insulin in diet- and exercise-induced reductions in serum-stimulated prostate cancer cell growth in vitro. 1223 42

Mini Nutritional Assessment has been specifically designed to assess the nutritional status of elderly patients and preoperative nutritional evaluation. It can be used for nutritional evaluation in patients receiving treatment for advanced prostate cancer. We assessed 80 patients 65 year age and over. Forty patients were with prostate cancer and 40 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. The Mini Nutritional Assessment is a clinical score consisting of four items: anthropometric assessment, global evaluation, dietetic assessment and subjective assessment. The Mini Nutritional Assessment stratifies patients in the three categories: well--nourished patients (24 < or = MNA < or = 30), at risk of malnutrition (17 < or = MNA < 23.5) and undernutrition (MNA < 17). Patients suffering from prostate cancer were more likely to be overweight and they had rapid lost of weight. The Mini Nutritional Assessment was found to be well-suited for nutritional evaluation in patients receiving treatment for advanced prostate cancer. Mini Nutritional Assessment requires no complex analysis and can be easily used in hospitals and should be routinely performed.
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PMID:[Nutritional status evaluation of elderly patients with prostatic cancer: a mini questionnaire on nutrition]. 1247 78

We present a review of the epidemiological evidence for relations of prostate cancer risk to circulating total and bioavailable androgens, to alterations in the metabolism of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and to anthropometric indices of longitudinal growth (body stature) and overweight. In addition, we review the physiological inter-relationships between insulin, growth hormone/IGF-1 axis, and sex steroid metabolism, as well as the associations of bioavailable sex steroid levels with overweight and obesity. A first conclusion of this review is that, taken together, epidemiological studies have provided little support for the hypothesis that prostate cancer risk is increased in men with elevated total or biovailable testosterone (T). Although one prospective study showed an increased risk in men with low plasma sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and with elevated plasma T for given levels of SHBG, this was not confirmed by results from other cohort studies. A second conclusion is that overweight, which is generally associated with moderate reductions in both total and bioavailable plasma T, appears to be unrelated to any significant increase or decrease in prostate cancer risk. However, significant increases in risk have been observed for men with a taller body stature, or with elevated plasma IGF-1. IGF-1 may directly enhance prostate tumorigenesis by inhibiting apoptosis and by stimulating cell proliferation. In addition, IGF-1 downregulates the synthesis of SHBG, and enhances sex steroid synthesis. Therefore, we do not entirely rule out that due to an elevation of plasma IGF-1 levels, men at increased risk of prostate cancer also have mildly elevated plasma bioavailable T, which epidemiological studies may have failed to demonstrate because of methodological problems. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases (2000) 3, 157-172
Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2000 Nov
PMID:Plasma androgens, IGF-1, body size, and prostate cancer risk: a synthetic review. 1249 92

Obesity increases the risk of certain cancer types, e.g., cancer of the endometrium, colon and gallbladder. For some other cancer forms, e.g., prostate cancer, the association is less clear. We examined the association between body mass index (BMI) and hormone-dependent tumors, utilizing a cohort of 21,884 Swedish twins born during 1886-1925. Information about BMI at different ages and potential confounding factors was collected prospectively. The Swedish Cancer Registry was used to identify cases of cancer in the prostate (n = 666), breast (n = 607), corpus uteri (n = 150) and ovary (n = 118) during 1969-1997. The material was analyzed as a traditional cohort and with co-twin control analyses that allow for control of genetic influences. Obesity (BMI >/=30 kg/m(2)) at baseline was positively associated with cancer in the corpus uteri [relative risk (RR) = 3.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.82-5.03], as was BMI at age 25, independently of BMI at baseline. Increased risk was also found for breast cancer but only in older women (>/=70 years). Overweight at age 25 was associated with decreased risk of breast cancer (RR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.33-0.78). No association was found for prostate cancer. We conclude that age is an important effect modifier of cancer risk associated with obesity and that obesity and overweight in young adult life may affect cancer risk also later in life.
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PMID:Obesity and hormone-dependent tumors: cohort and co-twin control studies based on the Swedish Twin Registry. 1609 8

The prevalence of patients with cancer histories and types of cancers prevailing among a cohort of adults with end-stage hip osteoarthritis was established in order to determine if this group might require some form of enriched pre- and postoperative rehabilitation in view of their adverse medical history. Body weights and selected physical capacity indicators were specifically compared among hip surgical patients with and without cancer histories to specify characteristics that could direct potentially desirable and improved intervention efforts. The medical records of 1,000 hip osteoarthritis surgical candidates were scrutinized, and numbers with and without malignancy histories were recorded. Malignancy typologies and selected body mass and physical capacity indices were recorded. Specific subgroup comparisons among these variables were then made for 40 cancer survivors and an age- and gender-matched subgroup of 40 otherwise healthy osteoarthritis patients, and for selected breast, prostate, and colon cancer survivors. (1) Fourteen percent of the present patient group had a cancer history. (2) The most common malignancy noted was breast cancer, followed by prostate and then colon cancer. (3) Among subjects matched for age and gender, 85% with a cancer history were overweight or obese, compared with 60% of those with no comorbid disease history. (4) Patients with cancer histories were more impaired immediately before, and after, surgery than patients with no cancer history. (5) Patients with breast and colon cancer histories had significantly slower recovery rates after hip surgery than those with a prostate cancer history (p < 0.05). Thus, breast, prostate, and colon cancer survivors constitute a modest proportion of patients undergoing surgery for painful disabling hip osteoarthritis. As a subgroup, cancer survivors, especially breast cancer survivors, are overweight, and more impaired before and after surgery than adults of the same age without a cancer history undergoing hip surgery.
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PMID:Body mass and physical capacity indicators of hip osteoarthritis patients with and without malignancy histories: implications for prevention and rehabilitation. 1289 65

This study was designed to use a prospectively analyzed, population-based, multiethnic cohort of men to determine if there is a relationship between one measure of obesity/overweight (Body Mass Index) and Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA). A total of 1565 men without a prior diagnosis of prostate cancer were prospectively enrolled in the San Antonio study of Biomarkers Of Risk (SABOR) Clinical and Epidemiologic Center of the Early Detection Research Network of the National Cancer Institute. Body Mass Index (BMI) was compared with serum PSA levels, stratifying by ethnic group. No relationship was found between BMI and PSA in any ethnic group or in the cohort as a whole. This study suggests that there is no increased risk of overdetection of prostate cancer among obese men due to an elevation in PSA.
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PMID:Relationship of body mass index and prostate specific antigen in a population-based study. 1508 10


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