Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0376358 (prostate cancer)
 59,338 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

TUR chips from 89 men were analysed prospectively for androgen and oestrogen nuclear and cytoplasmic receptors (ANR, ACR, ONR, OCR). Patients were selected on the basis of suspicion of neoplastic change on clinical feel of the prostate. A control group of benign cases was also collected prospectively. Histological examination showed that 46 patients had prostatic carcinoma and 43 had benign prostatic hyperplasia. No difference was found between the 2 groups in terms of prevalence of any of the receptors or in levels of receptor in those who were positive. The patients with neoplastic changes were followed up for a median of 53 months (range 47-64). No significant effect on duration of survival was noted with any of the receptor variables but there was a beneficial association between cytoplasmic oestrogen receptor positivity and progression-free interval. Patients with T category 3 or 4 had a significantly higher chance of being ANR positive than those of lower T category and this may reflect sampling error. There appears to be some evidence to suggest that cytosol oestrogen receptor positivity has a prognostic role in prostate cancer, in terms of time to progression on hormone therapy. Receptor status did not influence survival.
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PMID:Androgen and oestrogen receptor status in benign and neoplastic prostate disease. Study of prevalence and influence on time to progression and survival in prostate cancer treated by hormone manipulation. 247 22

Plasma spermidine concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in normal subjects and in patients with various tumours of the breast, prostate or the testis. The sensitivity of the method was 0.45 pmol spermidine/20 microliter plasma and the cross reactivity was 13% with putrescine and 2% with spermine. Plasma spermidine concentrations were raised in 25% of the patients with prostatic cancer (mean concentration 316.7 +/- 240.69 nmol/l) and in 8% of the patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (mean concentration 198.9 +/- 169.92 nmol/l). No correlation was found between elevated plasma levels of spermidine in the prostatic cancer patients and tumour stage or metastatic status of the patients. No correlation of plama spermidine concentrations and age was found in 61 normal male subjects (mean concentration 200.3 +/- 137.71 nmol/l plasma). Only 29% of the patients with breast carcinoma had elevated levels of spermidine compared to normal female subjects. Plasma spermidine concentrations did not correlate with clinical stage or oestrogen receptor status in these patients. Patients with testicular tumours had elevated mean concentrations of plasma spermidine. One out of five patients with seminoma of the testis and six out of 16 patients with teratoma of the testis had significantly elevated concentrations.
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PMID:Plasma spermidine concentrations in patients with tumours of the breast or prostate or testis. 615 39

The effects of steroid hormones are pleiotropic. Similarly, non-steroidal oestrogen receptor antagonists such as tamoxifen exert partial agonistic effects with a species- and tissue-specific pattern. Conversely, little is known of the biological effects of non-steroidal anti-androgens, whose role has been investigated in the palliative treatment of prostate cancer. We studied the effects of the non-steroidal anti-androgen nilutamide on parameters of red blood cells, an androgen-dependent cell compartment, in 24 men with prostate cancer and compared the results with those obtained in 38 historical control patients treated with D-tryptophan-6-LHRH. Administration of the anti-androgen induced a limited rise in testosterone concentrations (from 14.1 +/- 1.8 up to a maximum of 19.6 +/- 2.3 nmol l-1) and a significant increase with time in haemoglobin and haematocrit (y = 12.6 g dl-1 + 0.15 months and y = 37.3% + 0.46 months respectively, P = 0.008 for both), while no change occurred in red blood cell count (y = 4.19 x 10(6) mm-3 + 0.02 months, P = 0.2). Conversely, no variation in erythroid parameters was observed in the patients treated with the LHRH analogue (haemoglobin = 12.7 + 0.02 months, P = 0.59; haematocrit = 38.1 + 0.02 months, P = 0.9; red blood cells = 4.34 x 10(6) mm-3 + 0.15 months, P = 0.4). The difference between the linear regression slopes of haemoglobin in the two treatment groups was significant (F-ratio = 3.39, P = 0.03). While the stimulation of erythropoiesis induced by the anti-androgen might be due to incomplete neutralisation of endogenous androgens at the bone marrow level, a cell-specific agonistic effect of the drug cannot be excluded, thus calling into question the designation of pure antagonists which has been attributed to this class of compounds. Ongoing randomised trials should address this issue.
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PMID:Stimulation of erythropoiesis by the non-steroidal anti-androgen nilutamide in men with prostate cancer: evidence for an agonistic effect? 812

We have studied the response to oestrogen and expression of oestrogen receptors in responsive LNCaP and androgen non-responsive PC3 human prostate cancer cell lines. Growth of LNCaP cells is significantly stimulated by physiological concentrations of oestradiol; this growth increase appears to be comparable to that induced by either testosterone or dihydrotestosterone. In contrast, oestradiol significantly inhibits the proliferation of PC3 cells. We also present novel evidence for functional oestrogen binding in LNCaP cells. This evidence was first obtained by means of radioligand binding assays and was further corroborated using: (a) immunocytochemical analysis of oestrogen and progesterone receptors; (b) reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of oestrogen receptor mRNAs; and (c) immunofluorescence of the 27 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp27), which has been reported to be a marker of functional oestrogen receptors. There appeared to be significantly and consistently lower levels of oestrogen receptor expressed in PC3 cells than in LNCaP cells. The observation that oestradiol-induced growth of LNCaP cells is completely reversed by the pure anti-oestrogen ICI 182,780 clearly implies that the biological response of these cells to oestradiol is mediated mainly via its own receptor. On the other hand, use of a neutralizing antibody against transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 results in a remarkable increase in the growth of PC3 cells; this effect is almost completely abolished after the addition of oestradiol. This suggests that the oestradiol-induced growth inhibition may be mediated by TGF-beta 1. These results suggest that the current model for hormone-dependence of human prostatic carcinoma should be revised. This is of special concern, because recent data indicate that prostate cancer has become the most prevalent cancer and the second principal cause of cancer death in western countries.
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PMID:Human prostate cancer: a direct role for oestrogens. 858 3

Among women with node-negative breast cancer and small tumours, it is important to identify those with tumours that will recur, so that they may receive adjuvant therapy, while sparing those with tumours that will not recur the hazards of adjuvant treatment. A reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) may be used to identify circulating metastatic cells in patients with prostate cancer. Approximately 30% of breast cancer cells also produce PSA. Therefore, we tested the PSA RT-PCR assay on blood specimens from women with breast cancer. We evaluated 78 women at Mount Sinai Medical Center with histologically confirmed breast cancer. Venous blood (5 cm3) from the women was collected in ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-treated collection tubes and approximately 400 ng of RNA from each sample was subjected to an RT-PCR. We were able to detect the amplified PSA fragment in 18 of 78 women with breast cancer; 7 of the 18 women with the PSA fragment had localised, small, node-negative tumours, both oestrogen receptor (ER) positive and ER negative. We could not detect the amplified PSA fragment in 20 normal women and 22 normal men. We conclude that PSA RT-PCR may be a useful method for determining the presence of circulating metastatic cells in some women with node-negative breast cancer, and therefore the potential for these women to develop recurrent disease and thus benefit from adjuvant therapy.
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PMID:Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for prostate-specific antigen may be a prognostic indicator in breast cancer. 882 51

pS2 protein expression has been demonstrated in a range of malignant tissues in an oestrogen-independent pathway. Recently, it has been demonstrated that pS2, in prostate cancer, is closely associated with neuro-endocrine differentiation. In the present study, we have analyzed, by immunohistochemistry along with microwave antigen retrieval, the expression of pS2 protein in a retrospective series of 236 human primary neuro-endocrine tumours and attempted to correlate this with the clinicopathologic features of patients and the presence of oestrogen receptor (ER). pS2 immunoreactivity was detected in 42% of small-cell lung carcinomas, 36% of lung carcinoids, 33% of phaeochromocytomas, 38% of carotid-body tumours, 31% of pancreatic neuro-endocrine tumours, 60% of stomach carcinoids, 55% of ileal carcinoids, 23% of appendiceal carcinoids and 86% of rectal carcinoids respectively in more than 10% tumour cells. No pituitary tumours displayed pS2 immunoreactivity. pS2 transcript was also detected in lung carcinoid and carotid-body tumours by Northern-blot analysis. There was a statistically higher incidence of pS2 expression in carcinoid tumours of the ileum and rectum than in those of the appendix. No association was observed between pS2 expression and the occurrence of the carcinoid syndrome; nor was any correlation observed between the occurrence of pS2 immunoreactivity and that of ER. Our results suggest that the expression of the pS2 protein in a wide spectrum of neuro-endocrine tumours may be implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of some neuro-endocrine tumours in an oestrogen-independent pathway.
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PMID:Expression of a breast-cancer-associated protein (pS2) in human neuro-endocrine tumours. 922 3

A previously unknown oestrogen receptor, ER beta, has recently been isolated. ER beta is expressed in many important target tissues for oestrogen (i.e., prostate, ovary, testis, and the cardiovascular and central nervous systems), and probably mediates many of the effects of oestrogens in the human body. Moreover, ER beta represents an interesting target for drug development, and ligands specific for the respective receptor subtype may offer interesting possibilities for the treatment of postmenopausal symptoms, and breast and prostate cancer, without many of the hitherto adverse side effects, such as the increased risk of endometrial cancer associated with hormone replacement therapy.
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PMID:[Newly discovered estrogen receptor. New therapeutic possibilities in postmenopausal symptoms, osteoporosis, cancer of the breast and prostate]. 960 40

Soy foods and soybean components have received considerable attention of late for their potential role in reducing cancer risk. Although the relationship between soy intake and the risk of breast and prostate cancer has been the focus of most interest, the relationship between soy intake and other cancers, including colorectal cancer, has also been studied. Several anti-carcinogens have been identified in soybeans, but most enthusiasm for the potential anti-cancer effects of soy undoubtedly stems from work involving soybean isoflavones. Isoflavones have a limited distribution in nature, and, for practical purposes, soyfoods are the only nutritionally relevant dietary source of these phytochemicals. Isoflavones are weak oestrogens but possess other potentially important biological attributes independent of their ability to bind to the oestrogen receptor. The isoflavone genistein inhibits the growth of most types of hormone-dependent and hormone-independent cancer cells in vitro, including colonic cancer cells. Several mechanisms for the in vitro anti-cancer effects of genistein have been proposed, including effects on signal transduction. A number of epidemiological studies, primarily of Asian origin, have examined the relationship between soy intake and the risk of colorectal cancer. Although these studies provide little support for a protective effect of soy, concerns have been raised about the completeness of the soy intake data, since soy was not the focus of these studies and most of this research was conducted prior to the recent interest in the anti-cancer effects of soy. The effect of soy/isoflavone intake has also been studied in rodents, but again these data are conflicting and provide only modest support for a protective effect. Although the relationship between soy intake and colonic cancer risk is certainly worthy of further investigation, there is, at the moment, very limited support for soy exerting a protective effect against this type of cancer.
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PMID:Soyfoods, isoflavones and risk of colonic cancer: a review of the in vitro and in vivo data. 1038 21

Chemoprevention is a recently introduced and rapidly growing area of oncology that is identifying agents with a potentially preventive role in cancer. Several clinical trials have recently shown the feasibility of this approach in reducing the risk of major human cancers. In the USA, a large trial that demonstrated a reduction of approximately 50% in the risk of developing breast cancer led to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of tamoxifen as a preventive agent in women at increased risk. Although the results could not be reproduced in two smaller European trials, further investigations into this agent are clearly warranted. Raloxifene, another selective oestrogen receptor modulator which has reduced the risk of breast cancer in a trial in women with osteoporosis, is being compared with tamoxifen in a large primary prevention trial in at-risk women. Retinoids are a group of compounds that have proved especially effective in reducing the occurrence of second primary tumours in subjects with skin, head and neck or liver cancer. Fenretinide, a synthetic retinoic acid derivative, has recently been shown to decrease the occurrence of a second breast malignancy in premenopausal women. Results with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have proved consistently encouraging in epidemiological studies in lowering the incidence of colorectal cancer. Clinical trials with selective cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors potentially devoid of gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity are currently underway in at-risk subjects. Calcium and selenium have also received much attention as chemopreventive agents. Originally investigated against skin cancer, selenium showed efficacy in reducing prostate, lung and colon cancer incidence. Similarly, vitamin E was effective in reducing prostate cancer incidence and mortality in a lung cancer prevention trial in heavy smokers. The challenges of conducting well-designed and unequivocal chemoprevention trials are considerable, but advances in techniques of identification of at-risk subjects and establishing surrogate endpoint biomarkers should contribute greatly to future studies. Current knowledge suggests that a pharmacological approach to preventing cancer, using natural or synthetic agents, could become an important way forward.
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PMID:Recent advances in cancer chemoprevention, with emphasis on breast and colorectal cancer. 1076 41

Fibroblast growth factor 8 can transform NIH3T3 cells and its expression has been found to be associated with breast and prostate cancer. Following our finding that fibroblast growth factor 8 mRNA expression is increased in breast cancer, we have undertaken an immunohistochemistry study of fibroblast growth factor 8 expression in a series of human breast tissues and other normal tissues. Our findings confirm increased expression of fibroblast growth factor 8 in malignant breast tissue but also show significant fibroblast growth factor 8 expression in non-malignant breast epithelial cells. No significant difference in fibroblast growth factor 8 expression was found between different grades of ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma and ductal carcinoma in-situ or cancer of different oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor or nodal status. The highest levels of fibroblast growth factor 8 expression were found in lactating breast tissues and fibroblast growth factor 8 was also detected in human milk. A survey of other normal tissues showed that fibroblast growth factor 8 is expressed in the proliferative cells of the dermis and epithelial cells in colon, ovary fallopian tube and uterus. Fibroblast growth factor 8 appears to be expressed in several organs in man and appears to have an importance in lactation.
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PMID:Fibroblast growth factor 8 is expressed at higher levels in lactating human breast and in breast cancer. 1195 56


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