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Query: UMLS:C0376358 (prostate cancer)
 59,338 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Most testicular germ cell tumors have serological tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit (beta-HCG). On the other hand, molecular staging of these tumors has not been well established compared to other urogenital malignancies like prostate cancer. Recently, melanoma antigen (MAGE) which is one of the tumor-associated antigens recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) has been found to be present in a variety of malignant tumor types and normal testis. In addition, Wilms' tumor-associated gene WT1 has been found to be expressed in some testicular cancers. Thus, we examined the expression of these genes in testicular cancer tissues and peripheral blood of cancer-bearing patients using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The expression of the MAGE1-3 genes was examined in 34 testicular germ cell tumors (24 seminomas and 10 nonseminomas). Of the seminomas and nonseminomas, 87.5% and 40% were positive for MAGE1, 91.7% and 60% for MAGE2, and 83.3% and 30% for MAGE3, respectively. The expression of the MAGE genes was not correlated with the tumor stage. The expression of the WT1 gene was quantified in 26 testicular germ cell tumors. WT1 was highly expressed in 5 of the 7 high stage cases, but in only 4 of the 19 low stage cases (p < 0.01). The mRNA of these genes could not be detected from the peripheral blood of patients with high stage tumors. These results suggest that MAGE genes may be useful tumor markers for molecular staging of testicular cancer, especially seminoma, and that the WT1 gene may be a tumor marker for high stage testicular germ cell tumors. However, these genes cannot yet be used for molecular staging of testicular germ cell tumors.
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PMID:[Molecular staging of testicular cancer using polymerase chain reaction of the testicular cancer-specific genes]. 1050 Sep 69

The treatment of cancer has witnessed dramatic improvement throughout the 20th century. All three classical pillars of cancer therapy, tumour surgery, radiation oncology and medical oncology have provided impressive results which early in our century had not been anticipated to this extent. Particular mile stones of treatment include the discovery that prostate cancer is a hormone-sensitive tumour and the development of curative chemotherapy for many haematological neoplasms, or advanced testicular cancer. Adjuvant systemic treatment has led to significant improvement in the prognosis of patients with breast cancer and other solid tumours. More recently preoperative chemotherapy is gaining an important role in particular disorders such as non-small cell lung cancer. The most fascinating advances, however, have originated from our improved understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of malignancy. The development of monoclonal antibodies targeting specific tumour antigens, tumour vaccines and cancer gene therapy are all clinically relevant results of diligent basic and translational experimental cancer research.
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PMID:[Therapeutic milestones in tumor therapy]. 1063 80

Common genitourinary health issues that arise in the care of male patients include prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, urogenital cancers, premature ejaculation and erectile dysfunction. Bacterial infections are responsible for only 5 to 10 percent of prostatitis cases. Benign prostatic hyperplasia is present in 90 percent of men by the age of 85. Common urogenital cancers include prostate cancer, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and testicular cancer. Although an estimated 10 percent of men eventually develop prostate cancer, screening for this malignancy is one of the most controversial areas of health prevention. Premature ejaculation occurs in as many as 40 percent of men. Treatment with tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, counseling or behavioral therapy may be helpful. Erectile dysfunction affects up to 30 percent of men between 40 and 70 years of age. Stepped therapy is a useful approach to this common malady. Good treatment results have been obtained with orally administered sildenafil and intraurethrally administered alprostadil.
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PMID:Health issues in men: part I: Common genitourinary disorders. 1143 Apr 49

The patients, diseases and operations experienced between 1986 and 1999 in our department were analyzed. The number of in-patients has been increasing since 1995. Renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder cancer and testicular cancer have been gradually increasing recently, and in-patients with prostate cancer have increased markedly. Pelvic and ureteral cancers were almost constant during this period. Radical nephrectomy and prostatectomy have been increasing since 1994 and 1990, respectively. The examinations for malignancy, especially prostate biopsy, have been increasing.
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PMID:[Clinical statistics on in-patients and operations during a 14-year period (1986-1999) at Department of Urology, Gunma Cancer Center]. 1096 64

There are grounds for suspecting that, to varying degrees, smoking, alcohol consumption, oral contraceptive use, vasectomy and induced abortion are markers for high steroid hormone levels. So in epidemiological studies, false inferences may be drawn that these markers (treated as risk factors) have causal or exacerbating effects on diseases which are truly partially caused by high levels of hormones (e.g. probably prostatic cancer and breast cancer). Analogously, such studies of conditions which are truly partially caused by low levels of hormones (e.g. bone fractures, poor sperm quality, and perhaps testicular cancer and rheumatoid arthritis) may yield spurious suggestions of an ameliorative effect. The results of epidemiological studies of the above five "risk factors" for the above six pathologies are-in many cases-in striking disarray. I suggest that this is, at least partially, because of this form of confounding. The point may be tested by contrasting the hormone levels of people who self-select for smoking, vasectomy, etc., at the time that self-selection is made with those of appropriately selected control subjects.
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PMID:Hypothesis: gonadal hormones act as confounders in epidemiological studies of the associations between some behavioural risk factors and some pathological conditions. 1123 73

This article presents a detailed analysis of the incidence trends of testicular cancer and prostate cancer, using information from the Danish Cancer Registry in the period 1943-1996. The rate of increase of testicular cancer was about 2.6% per year. The analyses indicated that incidence was more strongly dependent on the man's birth cohort than on the calendar period. The analysis confirmed the significantly reduced incidence of testicular cancer in the 1943 cohort and suggested a levelling off in the increase in testicular cancer incidence from cohorts born after around 1963. This may imply that the great part of the recent increase in incidence has been due to a rapid increase in incidence in successive birth cohorts born in the relatively short period from 1945 to 1960. The rate of increase of prostate cancer was about 1.6% per year. The analyses indicated a stronger dependency on period than on birth cohort. The cohort parameters had very low values in the three earliest cohorts (1858-1868) and the period parameters showed a low incidence in the most recent period. The epidemiological pattern of prostate cancer incidence seems dominated by changes in diagnosis and registration and does not permit inferences about changes in causal factors.
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PMID:Trends in incidence of testicular cancer and prostate cancer in Denmark. 1133 52

We used the Swedish Family-Cancer Database to analyse the effects of birth order and family size on the risk of common cancers among offspring born over the period 1958-96. Some 1.38 million offspring up to age 55 years with 50.6 million person-years were included. Poisson regression analysis included age at diagnosis, birth cohort, socio-economic status and region of residence as other explanatory variables. The only significant associations were an increasing risk for breast cancer by birth order and a decreasing risk for melanoma by birth order and, particularly, by family size. When details of the women's own reproductive history were included in analysis, birth orders 5-17 showed a relative risk of 1.41. The effects on breast cancer may be mediated through increasing birth weight by birth order. For melanoma, socio-economic factors may be involved, such as limited affordability of sun tourism in large families. Testis cancer showed no significant effect and prostate cancer was excluded from analysis because of the small number of cases.
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PMID:Birth order, family size, and the risk of cancer in young and middle-aged adults. 1138 95

Acid phosphatases are enzymes capable of hydrolyzing orthophosphoric acid esters in an acid medium. Prostatic acid phosphatase has served as a tumor marker for metastatic prostate cancer for many years. We have cloned a new human acid phosphatase gene (named testicular acid phosphatase, ACPT), which is expressed mainly in testis and to a lower extent in the prostate, trachea, and other tissues. This gene maps to chromosome 19q13.4, in an area that harbors many cancer-related genes. The testicular acid phosphatase gene is composed of 11 exons, and the protein is predicted to have a luminal domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain. The N-terminal end of the protein encodes a signal peptide. The protein has approximately 50% homology with both the prostatic and the lysosomal acid phosphatases, and the position of the cysteine residues, the N-glycosylation sites, and the histidine catalytic site are conserved among the three proteins. The testicular acid phosphatase gene is up-regulated by androgens and is down-regulated by estrogens in the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Our preliminary results indicate that this gene exhibits a lower level of expression in testicular cancer tissues than in their normal counterparts.
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PMID:Molecular cloning of a novel human acid phosphatase gene (ACPT) that is highly expressed in the testis. 1141 67

A 72-year-old Japanese man presented with a painless swollen left scrotal mass with elevated levels of serum alpha-fetoprotein and prostate specific antigen. The patient underwent high orchiectomy under diagnosis and a final pathological examination revealed embryonal carcinoma of the left testis. A systematic needle prostate biopsy under guidance of transrectal ultrasound revealed prostate cancer (Gleason score, 8) on the left lobe (T2aN0M0). Systemic chemotherapy was given for retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis of testicular cancer and hormonal therapy (LH-RH analog) was given for prostate cancer. The patient was well with no evidence of metastasis from the testicular cancer or prostate cancer and with no elevation of serum alpha-fetoprotein or prostate specific antigen 26 months after the orchiectomy.
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PMID:Embryonal carcinoma of the testis associated with prostate cancer in a 72-year-old man. 1185 77

The incidence and mortality rates of testicular and prostatic cancers in 42 countries were correlated with the dietary practices in these countries using the cancer rates (1988-92) provided by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the food supply data (1961-90) provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Among the food items we examined, cheese was most closely correlated with the incidence of testicular cancer at ages 20-39, followed by animal fats and milk. The correlation coefficient (r) was highest (r = 0.804) when calculated for cheese consumed during the period 1961-65 (maternal or prepubertal consumption). Stepwise-multiple-regression analysis revealed that milk + cheese (1961-65) made a significant contribution to the incidence of testicular cancer (standardized regression coefficient [R] = 0.654). Concerning prostatic cancer, milk (1961-90) was most closely correlated (r = 0.711) with its incidence, followed by meat and coffee. Stepwise-multiple-regression analysis identified milk + cheese as a factor contributing to the incidence of prostatic cancer (R = 0.525). The food that was most closely correlated with the mortality rate of prostatic cancer was milk (r = 0.766), followed by coffee, cheese and animal fats. Stepwise-multiple-regression analysis revealed that milk + cheese was a factor contributing to mortality from prostatic cancer (R = 0.580). The results of our study suggest a role of milk and dairy products in the development and growth of testicular and prostatic cancers. The close correlation between cheese and testicular cancer and between milk and prostatic cancer suggests that further mechanistic studies should be undertaken concerning the development of male genital organ cancers.
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PMID:Incidence and mortality of testicular and prostatic cancers in relation to world dietary practices. 1185 17


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