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Query: UMLS:C0376358 (prostate cancer)
 59,338 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cryosurgery has a wide range of uses for the destruction of tumours. Acceptability among dermatologists for the treatment of skin cancer appears high. In the treatment of oral cancer, cryosurgery is not yet widely accepted, but it should be more commonly used for early cancer and in the management of selected problems in therapy. It has established a reasonably firm place in the treatment of prostatic cancer, perhaps because of continued interest in the immunologic benefits, while its use in gynecologic organs is limited to carcinoma in situ or to selected patients with advanced cancer. In all these areas, it has been used with surprisingly good results in selected patients who were high risks under conventional methods of therapy. The trial of cryosurgery in the treatment of bone tumors should prove its efficacy. Today's interest in cryosurgery is consistent with the current trend to conservatism in cancer surgery.
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PMID:Cryosurgery for cancer. 7 80

Cancer screening of the elderly is warranted for those cancers for which early detection and treatment improve life expectancy. There is excellent evidence to include screening for breast cancer with clinical examination and mammography for elderly women. There is also reasonable evidence to screen for cervical cancer with PAP testing in elderly women who were previously unscreened, although there is no evidence to support continuing the practice in women who have had consecutive normal PAP tests. No evidence supports or refutes screening programs for colon, prostate, skin, or oral cancer in the elderly. The authors recommend including screening for colon and prostate cancer in the routine examination of office patients. The potential benefit for the rare patient in whom an early stage cancer is discovered and treated is large and worth both the physician's and patient's time and effort. The authors recommend screening only patients deemed to be at high risk for skin and oral cancer. The main factor favoring continued screening in the elderly is the burden of suffering and the pronounced increased incidence of the disease in old age. Lastly, the authors recommend against routine screening for lung cancer in the elderly.
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PMID:Can screening older patients for cancer save lives? 157 80

In order to project trends in mortality from 11 major cancer sites in Switzerland to the end of the current century, a log-linear Poisson age/period/cohort model with arbitrary constraints on the parameters was used, fitted to the observed rates for the period 1950-84. One projection was based on the assumption of a total absence of change in the effect of period, the second was based on a linear extrapolation of the logarithms of the seven known periods, and the third was related to a series of a priori external epidemiological hypotheses, whenever available. For instance, coefficients below unity were used for lung and other tobacco-related neoplasms in men, since some decline in exposure to tobacco carcinogens was observed among Swiss men, and above unity for women since the prevalence of smoking has risen among successive generations of women. Although the method has limitations and uncertainties, several qualitative indications could be derived from this exercise. For instance, the various models suggest that the age-standardized mortality from oral cancer in men will probably increase up to the end of the century, even under the optimistic assumption of an appreciable decline in smoking, while cancer of the oesophagus is likely to level-off around current values, as other tobacco-related neoplasms, prostate cancer in men, and breast cancer in women will probably do. Some steady decline is predicted by various models fitted to the incidence of stomach and intestinal cancer in both sexes, and to ovarian cancer. Lung cancer will continue to rise in women but will stop rising in men, and it will possibly fall if the hypothesis of a decline in exposure to tobacco carcinogens proves correct. Although any prediction has, by definition, substantial difficulties and uncertainties, projections of cancer mortality in the near future are based on a substantial amount of information already available, and may offer valuable information for epidemiological inferences and health planning purposes.
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PMID:The application of age, period and cohort models to predict Swiss cancer mortality. 232 65

Thirty patients with metastatic malignancy of various types were treated with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (DDP) administered by continuous infusion for 120 hours. The starting dose was 20 mg/m2/day (100 mg/m2/course) and was escalated by stages to 40 mg/m2/day (200 mg/m2/course). Dose-limiting toxicity was observed at 30 mg/m2/day (150 mg/m2/course), manifested as marrow suppression and particularly thrombocytopenia in 13 of 14 patients evaluated at doses greater than or equal to 30 mg/m2/day. The gastrointestinal toxicity characteristic of bolus treatment schedules was less intense but was cumulative and dose-related. Renal toxic effects developed in five of 30 patients in spite of adequate hydration and daily diuretic therapy. Peripheral neuropathy developed in the only two patients who received four courses of continuous-infusion DDP. Antitumor effects were observed in six patients (oral cancer, two; lymphoma, one; prostatic cancer, one; hepatoma, one; and bronchogenic carcinoma, one). The recommended starting dose for continuous venous infusion therapy with DDP is 30 mg/m2/day for 5 days.
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PMID:Phase I study of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) administered as a constant 5-day infusion. 625 73

Persons who use chewing tobacco and snuff experience an increased risk of oral cancer. Because of the pharmacologic properties of nicotine and other constituents of smokeless tobacco, there is also concern that smokeless tobacco products may lead to cardiovascular diseases as well. The relatively few human population studies to date conflict with respect to whether smokeless tobacco use elevates cardiovascular risk factors or leads to cardiovascular disease or death from cardiovascular causes. Hemoglobin adducts to carcinogens present in smokeless tobacco products are measurable in the blood of smokeless tobacco users, indicating that smokeless-tobacco-related carcinogens circulate throughout the body. This prompts a concern that smokeless tobacco may increase risks of other cancers as well. The evidence to date from epidemiologic studies indicates no relationship between smokeless tobacco and bladder cancer, but there is suggestive evidence linking smokeless tobacco use to prostate cancer risk. Only single studies have been conducted of some cancers, and inconsistencies among studies of the same cancer site have been reported. Molecular epidemiologic studies may help identify markers of malignant transformation in smokeless tobacco users that may help in early intervention to prevent or ameliorate the consequences of oral cancer. Further studies are needed to determine more clearly the cardiovascular and non-oral cancer risks potentially associated with smokeless tobacco use.
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PMID:Epidemiology of cancer and other systemic effects associated with the use of smokeless tobacco. 952 31

We have identified a novel cytoskeletal protein, EPLIN (Epithelial Protein Lost In Neoplasm), that is preferentially expressed in human epithelial cells. Two EPLIN isoforms, a 600 amino acid EPLIN-alpha and a 759 amino acid EPLIN-beta, are detected in primary epithelial cells of oral mucosa, prostate and mammary glands. The expression of EPLIN-alpha is either down-regulated or lost in the majority of oral cancer cell lines (8/8), prostate cancer cell lines (4/4) and xenograft tumors (3/3), and breast cancer cell lines (5/6). The amino acid sequence of EPLIN is characterized by the presence of a single centrally located LIM domain. Both EPLIN isoforms localize to filamentous actin and suppress cell proliferation when overexpressed. These findings indicate that the loss of EPLIN seen in cancer cells may play a role in cancer progression.
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PMID:EPLIN, epithelial protein lost in neoplasm. 1061 26

Numerous medical organizations have developed cancer screening guidelines. Faced with the broad, and sometimes conflicting, range of recommendations for cancer screening, family physicians must determine the most reasonable and up-to-date method of screening. Major medical organizations have generally achieved consensus on screening guidelines for breast, cervical and colorectal cancer. For breast cancer screening in women ages 50 to 70, clinical breast examination and mammography are generally recommended every one or two years, depending on the medical organization. For cervical cancer screening, most organizations recommend a Papanicolaou test and pelvic examination at least every three years in patients between 20 and 65 years of age. Annual fecal occult blood testing along with flexible sigmoidoscopy at five-year to 10-year intervals is the standard recommendation for colorectal cancer screening in patients older than 50 years. Screening for prostate cancer remains a matter of debate. Some organizations recommend digital rectal examination and a serum prostate-specific antigen test for men older than 50 years, while others do not. In the absence of compelling evidence to indicate a high risk of endometrial cancer, lung cancer, oral cancer and ovarian cancer, almost no medical organizations have developed cancer screening guidelines for these types of cancer.
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PMID:Cancer screening guidelines. 1127 40

Cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) are an excellent dietary source of phytochemicals that include flavonol glycosides, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins), and organic and phenolic acids. Using C-18 and Sephadex Lipophilic LH-20 column chromatography, HPLC, and tandem LC-ES/MS, the total cranberry extract (TCE) has been analyzed, quantified, and separated into fractions enriched in sugars, organic acids, total polyphenols, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins (39.4, 30.0, 10.6, 5.5, and 1.2% composition, respectively). Using a luminescent ATP cell viability assay, the antiproliferative effects of TCE (200 microg/mL) versus all fractions were evaluated against human oral (KB, CAL27), colon (HT-29, HCT116, SW480, SW620), and prostate (RWPE-1, RWPE-2, 22Rv1) cancer cell lines. The total polyphenol fraction was the most active fraction against all cell lines with 96.1 and 95% inhibition of KB and CAL27 oral cancer cells, respectively. For the colon cancer cells, the antiproliferative activity of this fraction was greater against HCT116 (92.1%) than against HT-29 (61.1%), SW480 (60%), and SW620 (63%). TCE and all fractions showed >/=50% antiproliferative activity against prostate cancer cells with total polyphenols being the most active fraction (RWPE-1, 95%; RWPE-2, 95%; 22Rv1, 99.6%). Cranberry sugars (78.8 microg/mL) did not inhibit the proliferation of any cancer cell lines. The enhanced antiproliferative activity of total polyphenols compared to TCE and its individual phytochemicals suggests synergistic or additive antiproliferative interactions of the anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and flavonol glycosides within the cranberry extract.
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PMID:Total cranberry extract versus its phytochemical constituents: antiproliferative and synergistic effects against human tumor cell lines. 1511 49

Novel folate-linked, cationic nanoparticles (NPs) were developed and evaluated for potential use for gene delivery to human oral cancer (KB cells) and human prostate cancer (LNCaP cells), which abundantly expressed folate binding proteins. Folate-polyethylenglycol-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (f-PEG-DSPE) was incorporated in NPs composed of 3([N-(N',N'-dimethylaminoethane)-carbamoyl] cholesterol (DC-Chol) and Tween 80. NP-0.3FT, -1FT and -1FLT, which contain 0.3 and 1 mol% f-PEG2000-DSPE, and 1 mol% f-PEG5000-DSPE, respectively, showed about 100-200 nm in size. The NP/plasmid DNA complex (nanoplex) remained in an injectable size (230-340 nm) and slightly increased its size in serum. The association of NP-1FT with KB cells was enhanced by f-PEG2000-DSPE and was blocked by co-incubation with free folic acid in medium. In transfection activity, the NP-1FT, but not NP-1FLT, showed high activity into KB and LNCaP cells in the presence of serum. The NP-0.3FT also showed high activity into LNCaP cells, but not KB cells. In RT-PCR analysis, KB cells strongly expressed folate receptors mRNA, but LNCaP cells did not. In contrast, LNCaP cells expressed mRNA of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), which interacts with the folate substrate. Uptake mechanism of folate-linked NPs in LNCaP cells may be different from that in KB cells. This is the first report that folate-linked NPs selectively deliver the DNA to LNCaP cells, suggesting that such NPs are potentially targeted vectors to prostate cancer for gene delivery.
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PMID:Enhanced in vitro DNA transfection efficiency by novel folate-linked nanoparticles in human prostate cancer and oral cancer. 1514 14

Chemoprevention is by now an emerging area of clinical oncology addressed to healthy individuals at higher risk for cancer, subjects with precancerous conditions, and patients who are at risk for a second primary cancer. The important results of large trials with various agents and the more accurate methods of risk assessment have already had implications in clinical practice. Recently, a number of compounds have shown to be clinically effective at various organ levels, often covering all the three settings of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. There is proof today that at least 3 of the 4 'big killers' in oncology--breast, colon and prostate cancer--and oral cancer are to a certain extent preventable by chemopreventive drugs. The missing piece so far is lung cancer. The expanding molecular drug development is providing the tools for a more effective and safer molecular-targeted prevention. Combination chemoprevention and the use of agents with multiple effects are other particularly promising chemoprevention strategies.
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PMID:Chemoprevention: from research to clinical oncology. 1606 73


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