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Query: UMLS:C0376358 (prostate cancer)
 59,338 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recently, the National Cancer Institute published a comprehensive monograph on multiple primary cancers in Connecticut and Denmark. This paper summarizes some of the observations made on the Connecticut population. Data compiled by the Connecticut Tumor Registry have extended our knowledge about the patterns of multiple primary cancers, especially among long-term survivors of cancer and among patients with relatively rare tumors about which little information currently exists. When compared with the general Connecticut population, cancer patients had a 31 percent (RR = 1.31) increased risk of developing a second cancer and a 23 percent (RR = 1.23) elevated risk of second cancer at a different site from the first. Common environmental exposures seemed responsible for the excess occurrence of many second cancers, particularly those related to cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, or both. For example, persons with epithelial cancers of the lung, larynx, esophagus, buccal cavity, and pharynx were particularly prone to develop new cancers in the same or contiguous tissue throughout their lifetimes. Cancers of the colon, uterine corpus, breast, and ovary frequently occurred together, suggesting underlying hormonal or dietary influences. Only patients with prostate cancer were at significantly low risk for second cancer development; this might be an artifact of case finding, since advanced age at initial diagnosis was generally associated with an underascertainment of second cancers. Radiotherapy may have caused rectal and other cancer among patients with cancers of the female genital tract, and leukemia among patients with uterine corpus cancer. Chemotherapy with alkylating agents probably contributed to the excess of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia following multiple myeloma or cancers of the breast and ovary. Genetic susceptibility seemed to explain some tumor complexes, such as the multiple occurrences of cutaneous melanoma and the excess of bone cancer following retinoblastoma. Research into multiple cancer syndromes should enhance our understanding of carcinogenic factors and mechanisms and the development of strategies for cancer prevention and control.
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PMID:Multiple primary cancers in Connecticut, 1935-82. 354 9

The risk of second primary cancers developing was evaluated in individuals with 6 rare tumors in Connecticut between 1935 and 1982. Small but significant excesses of all second cancers occurred in patients with cutaneous melanoma (42%), and cancers of the brain (59%), thyroid (49%), connective tissue (23%), bone (66%), and eye (40%). In individuals with cutaneous melanoma, the highest risks were for subsequent cutaneous melanomas [relative risk (RR) = 8.5] that persisted throughout all intervals of observation. The risk for second melanomas was higher in persons under age 40, consistent with a heritable component. Connective tissue tumors and breast cancers also occurred in excess. Among patients with brain cancer, an increase of melanoma was observed that may represent an underlying neural crest abnormality, although no excess of brain cancer was seen after melanoma. Reciprocal increases of bone cancer after connective tissue cancer and connective tissue cancer after bone cancer point to shared risk factors, such as high dose radiotherapy or genetic susceptibility states. An anticipated high risk of osteogenic sarcoma following Ewing's sarcoma was not seen. An excess of breast cancer (RR = 1.9) after thyroid cancer indicates common etiologic factors. Expected excesses of bilateral retinoblastoma and bone cancer after retinoblastoma were seen. Tumors commonly treated with alkylating agents or nitrosoureas (melanoma, brain, connective tissue) showed slightly elevated risks of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Prostate cancer was frequently found to be in excess, but this is likely an artifact due to ascertainment bias.
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PMID:Second cancer following cutaneous melanoma and cancers of the brain, thyroid, connective tissue, bone, and eye in Connecticut, 1935-82. 408 97

The risk of developing a second primary cancer was evaluated in approximately 19,000 persons with initial cancers of the lymphatic and hematopoietic system in Connecticut between 1935 and 1982. Significant excesses for all second cancers were observed among patients with leukemia (34%), Hodgkin's disease (70%), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (25%), and multiple myeloma (24%). In general, the risk of second cancers was greater in males than in females, even for cohorts not showing an excess of surveillance-related prostate cancer. Among patients with leukemia, significant excesses of cancers of the lung, kidney/ureter, and prostate were noted; cutaneous melanoma was elevated only in males. These excesses did not persist in the small number of long-term survivors. Possible etiologic factors included tobacco smoking for lung and kidney cancers, medical surveillance artifact for prostate cancer, and immunosuppression for malignant melanoma and lung cancer. The large number and good prognoses of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia strongly influenced the pattern of second cancers when all leukemias were analyzed together; no evidence was found for an increased risk of second cancer in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia. A disproportionate number of subsequent cancers, particularly those of the kidney and ureter, were diagnosed incidentally at autopsy. Patients with Hodgkin's disease displayed significant excesses of cancers of the buccal cavity and pharynx, lung, female breast, and thyroid. The latter 3 sites remained significantly elevated in long-term survivors (10 yr or more postdiagnosis), so that radiation therapy may have contributed to their development. Among persons with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, cancers of the stomach, lung, brain, and connective tissue occurred excessively. The first 3 sites, plus cancers of the urinary bladder, remained elevated among long-term survivors. The brain cancer excess, not previously reported, may represent misclassification of central nervous system lymphoma. The risk of gastric cancer is reminiscent of similar findings in patients with both acquired and genetically determined immunodeficiency disorders. The alkylating agent, cyclophosphamide, used extensively in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, is known to cause bladder cancer in man.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Second cancer following lymphatic and hematopoietic cancers in Connecticut, 1935-82. 408 98

Positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is a scintigraphic imaging technique undergoing a rapid growth in the field of oncology. The constant progress of the detectors, either CDET or PET dedicated cameras, allows to obtain in routine conditions images with a 5 mm spatial resolution. Absolute tracer uptake quantification is also possible, which allows to evaluate objectively therapy efficacy. The mechanisms of FDG tissular accumulation are now better understood. Increase of glycolysis and of transmembrane transport of glucose seems to be at the origin of the high tumorous accumulation of FDG. The main current oncologic application of FDG PET is the diagnosis of malignancy of the isolated pulmonary nodules, with a sensitivity of more than 95%, and in the staging of lung cancer where PET shows higher performances than conventional imaging. The same stands in cutaneous melanoma and for malignancies of the digestive tract, either in colorectal, pancreatic or esophageal localizations. In colorectal cancers, the role of PET has for long being recognized in the differential diagnosis between recurrence and postoperative fibrosis. In the head and neck tumors, FDG also allows to differentiate between recurrence and postradiation necrosis. In lymphoma, the most suitable site for biopsy can be identified on a PET scan and therapy efficacy can also be assessed. In breast cancer, the detection of metastases seems to be possible with FDG. In brain and thyroid cancers, the role of FDG PET remains to be further determined. The low uptake of FDG in prostate cancer metastasis is not in favor of its use in this indication. In conclusion, the indications of FDG PET in oncology are now becoming more precise and it can be expected that clinical PET centers will soon appear in France.
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PMID:[Positron emission tomography (PET) and (F-18)-fluorodeoxyglucose in (FDG) in cancerology]. 995 21

Glomeruloid microvascular proliferations (GMPs), which are focal proliferative buddings of endothelial cells resembling a renal glomerulus, can be induced experimentally by adenoviral transfer of VEGF-A(165). We recently found that GMPs were present in 13-23% of various human tumours (melanoma, breast-, endometrial- and prostate cancer), and this vascular signature was significantly associated with an impaired prognosis. In the present study, a series of 202 vertical growth phase melanomas were examined for the expression of various angiogenic factors and their receptors. Presence of GMP was associated with increased expression in tumour endothelium of the VEGF-A receptors KDR, FLT-1 and neuropilin-1, as well as VEGF-D protein. Thrombospondin-1 staining in the tumour stroma showed the same relationship. Endothelial cell expression of VEGF-A was increased in GMP endothelium when compared with other intra-tumoural vessels. In contrast, GMP expression of bFGF was decreased. Our findings suggest an important role of VEGF-A and its receptors in GMP formation in human cutaneous melanoma.
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PMID:Increased expression of VEGF-receptors (FLT-1, KDR, NRP-1) and thrombospondin-1 is associated with glomeruloid microvascular proliferation, an aggressive angiogenic phenotype, in malignant melanoma. 1516 98

The probability of developing cutaneous melanoma is now predicted to be one in 55 for males and one in 88 for females. Although melanoma is relatively uncommon compared with other malignancies such as breast (one in seven) or prostate cancer (one in six), the incidence is growing at an alarming rate. The development of novel strategies for the management of advanced disease will become even more urgent and require continued and controlled investigations over the next 10 years. Surgery is effective for the palliation of isolated resectable metastases. However, most patients with Stage IV melanoma have widespread disease and are not cured by metastasectomy. For the few individuals with isolated adrenal metastases from melanoma, complete resection appears to confer a survival advantage. New data are emerging about the efficacy and outcome of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for malignant lesions. However, the natural history of laparoscopic surgery for these lesions is still unknown. The indications for and limitations of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for metastatic melanoma are discussed.
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PMID:Laparoscopic surgery for melanoma metastases to the adrenal gland. 1548 17

Using the unique Utah Population Database, which links Utah genealogical data with Utah cancer data, we examined risks for other cancers among relatives of 4,079 melanoma cases. Age- and sex-specific rates for 35 different cancer sites were calculated, and used to estimate relative risks among relatives. In addition to the well-recognized risk for melanoma among first-degree relatives, we found significantly increased risks for prostate, breast, and colon cancers, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and multiple myeloma, ranging from 32 to 72% increased risk. Among second-degree relatives, in addition to increased risk for melanoma, we identified significantly increased risks for prostate cancer and multiple myeloma (27 and 53% increase, respectively). Among first-degree relatives of melanoma cases diagnosed before the age of 40 years, we found significantly elevated risks for cutaneous melanoma (380% increase) and prostate cancer (83% increase). Significantly increased risks for prostate cancer and multiple myeloma in both first- and second-degree relatives of melanoma cases are suggestive of heritable cancer syndromes. The increased risks for five additional cancer types in first-degree relatives of melanoma cases suggest that individuals with a family history of melanoma should strictly adhere to recommended screenings for all cancers.
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PMID:Population-based assessment of non-melanoma cancer risk in relatives of cutaneous melanoma probands. 1690 18

Ocular melanoma is a rare neoplasm with a poorly understood etiology, especially concerning its link with ultraviolet-light exposure. Studying the risk of second primary cancers may help to formulate causal hypotheses. We used data from 13 cancer registries, including 10,396 first occurring ocular melanoma cases, and 404 second occurring cases. To compare the second cancer incidence in ocular melanoma patients to that in noncancer population, we calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) of 32 types of cancer. We also calculated SIRs of second ocular melanoma after other primaries. Ocular melanoma patients had significantly increased risk of cutaneous melanoma (SIR = 2.38, 95% CI 1.77-3.14), multiple myeloma (SIR = 2.00, 1.29-2.95), and of liver (SIR = 3.89, 2.66-5.49), kidney (SIR = 1.70, 1.22-2.31), pancreas (SIR = 1.58, 1.16-2.11), prostate (SIR = 1.31, 1.11-1.54), and stomach (SIR = 1.33, 1.03-1.68) cancers. Risks of cutaneous melanoma were highly variable between registries and were mainly increased in females, in younger patients, in first years following diagnosis, and for patients diagnosed after 1980. The risk of ocular melanoma was significantly increased only after prostate cancer (SIR = 1.41, 1.08-1.82). Risk of cutaneous melanoma after ocular melanoma had epidemiological patterns, similar to cutaneous melanoma screening in the general population. The increased risk of cutaneous melanoma would be largely due to greater skin cancer surveillance in ocular melanoma patients, and not to common etiological factors. The high SIR found for liver cancer may be explained by misclassification bias. Common etiological factors may be involved in ocular and prostate cancers.
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PMID:Associations between ocular melanoma and other primary cancers: an international population-based study. 1703 22

Due to immunological monitoring, most of aggressive tumor cells are selected capable of producing soluble factors of immunosuppression in their microenvironment. A ligand for NK- and T-cells receptor (MICA/B) activation is one of them. We investigated MICA concentrations in serum of 10 healthy volunteers and 114 patients with solid tumors (breast cancer - 24, gastrointestinal tumors - 27, renal cell carcinoma - 15, lung cancer - 9, ovarian carcinoma - 13, cutaneous melanoma - 18, primary multiple tumors - 2, prostate cancer - 6). The lowest level of MICA was reported in ovarian carcinoma (91.19 +/- 29.42 pg/ml), the highest - in rectal cancer (311.13 +/- 50.11 pg/ml) while mean concentration in healthy volunteers was (19.38 +/- 5.91 pg/ml). Cells of melanoma, renal cell carcinoma and prostate cancer became capable of producing MICA during cultivation and antitumor vaccine preparation. It is suggested that culture supernatants be tested for MICA contents as well as patients screened for vaccination. Selection of patients should be carried out on the basis of MICA molecules detection in blood flow.
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PMID:[Immunochemical assay of MIC A production by tumor cells in vitro and in vivo as a component of antitumor vaccine development]. 2113 38

The major source of ultraviolet radiation is solar radiation or sunlight. However, exposure to artificial sources particularly through tanning salons is becoming more important in terms of human health effects, as use of these facilities by young people, has increased. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has noted that there is sufficient evidence from studies in animals and in man to establish ultraviolet radiation as a human carcinogen. Skin cancer has been the most commonly studied cancer site with respect to UV radiation. The nature and timing of sun exposure appear to be important determinants of both the degree of risk and the type of skin cancer. Cutaneous malignant melanoma and basal cell cancer are much more strongly related to measures of intermittent ultraviolet exposure (particularly those of childhood or adolescence) than to measures of cumulative exposure. In contrast, squamous cell cancer is more strongly related to constant or cumulative sun exposure. Lip cancer is causally related to lifetime sun exposure. It has been estimated that solar ultraviolet radiation accounts for approximately 93 percent of skin cancers and about half of lip cancers. This translates to approximately 4,500 life-threatening cancers (cutaneous malignant melanoma) per year in Canada, as well as 65,000 less serious cancers (basal cell cancer, squamous cell cancer and lip cancer). Appropriate clothing use, care not to sunburn and judicious use of sunscreens could prevent at least half of these and save approximately 450 lives per year. In addition, physician and public education programs can significantly increase the proportion of melanomas diagnosed early. Lesions that have not yet penetrated deeply are associated with a mortality rate of less than five percent. Several recent studies suggest a possible inverse relationship between ultraviolet radiation exposure and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, colon, breast and prostate cancer, and investigators have speculated that this might be due to the higher serum levels of vitamin D stimulated by high lifetime sun exposure. Further, studies conducted within cohorts using stored pre-diagnostic serum suggest that those with high levels of vitamin D have lower incidence rates of a number of malignancies, particularly colon cancer. However, since serum vitamin D levels can be raised through the use of supplements without increasing risk for skin lip and other known UV-related cancers, changes to health policy with regard to exposure are not merited at this point. Further research is needed in this area.
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PMID:Ultraviolet radiation. 2119 99


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