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Query: UMLS:C0376358 (prostate cancer)
 59,338 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Purpose: PET can be useful in determining the progression of malignant disease over time as well as the response to therapy. To achieve this, the physician must be able to unambiguously identify and characterize individual tumors among several different scans.Methods: We have developed a coordinate system for identifying individual tumor sites on PET scans, selecting the carina on the transmission scan as a point of origin. Using this system, each tumor is given a set of spherical coordinates that identifies its position: a rho (rho, displacement from carina), a theta (&theta;, angle between the A-P axis and the tumor), and a phi (&phi;, angle between the polar axis and the tumor). We tested this method on a patient with metastatic thyroid cancer, who underwent 18FDG and 124I-Iodide PET scans in the same week. This sytem was also used on a patient with metastatic prostate cancer, who had two FDG scans done 7 weeks apart. The patient underwent chemotherapy treatment during this period, and the scans were performed to assess therapy response.Results: The patient with thyroid cancer had a total of 90 tumors, 82 of them identified in the 18FDG scan and 35 in the 124I-Iodide scan, with 27 tumors identified in both. For rho, &theta;, and &phi; among the 27 matching pairs of tumors, the mean differences were 6.80 +/- 5 mm, 6.22 +/- 4.54 degrees, and 5.51 +/- 5.81 degrees, respectively. The disparity in coordinate values between corresponding tumors can be explained by the distinctive uptake patterns of the radiopharmaceuticals. The patient with prostate cancer had 9 tumors identifiable in both the pre- and post-therapy scans. The mean differences for rho, &theta;, and &phi; among the 9 pairs of tumors were 1.93 +/- 1.65 mm, 6.67 +/- 5.53 degrees, and 2.04 +/- 2.02 degrees, respectively. After thorough analysis, we have determined that corresponding tumors with rho < 15 mm, &theta; and &phi; < 15 degrees difference usually indicate a match.Conclusion: This coordinate system facilitates the identification and characterization of individual tumors among multiple scans, thus aiding in both the assessment of diagnostic capabilities of different tracers, and the tracking of tumors following therapy.
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PMID:A Coordinate System for Tumor Identification in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging. 1115 Jul 44

A population from a hearing clinic in Washington County, Maryland, in 1943-1960 was followed to assess the risk of developing neoplasms from radium treatment of the nasopharynx for adenoid hypertrophy. Of the 2,925 subjects who attended the clinic, 904 received radium treatment. A nonconcurrent prospective study compared the cancer incidence among the irradiated persons with that among persons with other treatments. Seven brain tumor cases (three malignant and four benign) were identified in the irradiated group versus none in the nonirradiated group (relative risk = 14.8, 95% confidence interval: 0.76, 286.3). A nonsignificant excess risk of thyroid cancer was detected in the irradiated group based on two cases in the exposed group and one case in the nonexposed group (relative risk = 4.2, 95% confidence interval: 0.38, 46.6). Decreased risks of breast cancer, female genital cancers, and prostate cancer were observed among the irradiated individuals, although these deficits were not statistically significant individually. The decreased risk of sex hormone-related cancers in the irradiated group suggests possible radiation damage to the pituitary, with consequent reduction in pituitary hormone output and alterations in sexual and other hormonal development in early life. This hypothesis needs further evaluation.
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PMID:Cancer incidence after childhood nasopharyngeal radium irradiation: a follow-up study in Washington County, Maryland. 1129 46

We report a rare case of chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL) with a chromosomal abnormality of t(6;11)(q27;q23). The patient was diagnosed as having thyroid cancer with metastases to the lung and cervical lymph nodes in 1993. Percutaneous ethanol injection therapy (PEIT), total thyroidectomy, and radiotherapy were performed. The patient was also diagnosed as having prostatic cancer with bone metastasis in July 1999, and hormonal therapy was performed. At the time of the diagnosis of prostatic cancer, leukocytosis with eosinophilia was also revealed. Thereafter, cytogenetical analysis and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of bone marrow showed t(6;11)(q27;q23) translocation and MLL/AF6 fusion products, respectively. No transcripts of the BCR/ABL chimeric gene were found by RT-PCR in bone marrow. Analysis of serum cytokines revealed a slight elevation of GM-CSF but no elevation of IL-3 or IL-5. Tissue damage due to infiltration of eosinophils was not observed throughout the clinical course. On the basis of the cytogenetic and molecular abnormality, the patient was diagnosed as having CEL, rather than reactive eosinophilia due to thyroid or prostatic cancer or other reactive inflammation. This is the first case report of CEL with t(6;11)(q27;q23) translocation.
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PMID:Chronic eosinophilic leukemia with t(6;11)(q27;q23) translocation. 1166 8

Radioiodine therapy, the most effective form of systemic radiotherapy available, is currently useful only for thyroid cancer because of thyroid-specific expression of the sodium iodide symporter (NIS). Here we explore the efficacy of a novel form of gene therapy using adenovirus-mediated in vivo NIS gene transfer followed by (131)I administration for treatment of prostate cancer. Prostate cancer xenografts in nude mice injected with an adenovirus carrying the NIS gene linked to the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter revealed highly active uptake of radioiodine. Following administration of 3 mCi of (131)I, we observed an average tumor volume reduction of 84 +/- 12%. These results show for the first time that in vivo NIS gene delivery into non-thyroidal tumors is capable of inducing accumulation of therapeutically effective radioiodine doses and might therefore represent an effective and potentially curative therapy for prostate cancer.
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PMID:In vivo sodium iodide symporter gene therapy of prostate cancer. 1170 12

The search for parameters of different nature to quantify radiation damage is carrying on from many years in humans and lab animals. The polyamines (spermidine and spermine) are ubiquitous polycations with many metabolic functions and can be easily assayed by HPLC method. Their involvement in cell proliferation has been evidenced in healthy and tumour tissues. Statistically significant reductions have been demonstrated in tissues and in red blood cells (RBC), in animals and in patients treated by total body irradiation (TBI) before bone marrow transplantation (BMT). In rats submitted to TBI with 3 Gy of gamma radiations, tissue polyamines significantly decrease during the early phase of injury in tissues with high proliferative activity (small intestine, spleen) whereas do not show any modification in kidney. When recovery takes place, the polyamines significantly increase and return to control levels when a normal morphology is restored. In patients submitted to radiation therapy, polyamines have been determined in urine and in RBC of patients with carcinoma of uterine cervix, head and neck and prostate, treated by external radiotherapy, and with thyroid cancer treated with iodine-131 therapy. The most interesting results has been obtained with RBC: in patients treated on the pelvis for prostate cancer a significant reduction during radiotherapy occurs, followed by the maintenance of low levels in patients with favourable outcome. It should be noted that polyamine levels before treatment appeared significantly higher than in healthy controls. After TBI the RBC polyamines show a dramatic fall to extremely low levels during the phase of marrow aplasia. The values show an increase corresponding to the engraftment of transplanted cells and to the following marrow repopulation. These evidences make the RBC polyamines very interesting parameters to monitor the radiation effects on humans.
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PMID:Polyamines as biochemical indicators of radiation injury. 1177 56

Radioiodide uptake (RAIU) in thyroid follicular epithelial cells, mediated by a plasma membrane transporter, sodium iodide symporter (NIS), provides a first step mechanism for thyroid cancer detection by radioiodide injection and effective radioiodide treatment for patients with invasive, recurrent, and/or metastatic thyroid cancers after total thyroidectomy. NIS gene transfer to tumor cells may significantly and specifically enhance internal radioactive accumulation of tumors following radioiodide administration, and result in better tumor control. NIS gene transfers have been successfully performed in a variety of tumor animal models by either plasmid-mediated transfection or virus (adenovirus or retrovirus)-mediated gene delivery. These animal models include nude mice xenografted with human melanoma, glioma, breast cancer or prostate cancer, rats with subcutaneous thyroid tumor implantation, as well as the rat intracranial glioma model. In these animal models, non-invasive imaging of in vivo tumors by gamma camera scintigraphy after radioiodide or technetium injection has been performed successfully, suggesting that the NIS can serve as an imaging reporter gene for gene therapy trials. In addition, the tumor killing effects of 131I after NIS gene transfer have been demonstrated in in vitro clonogenic assays and in vivo radioiodide therapy studies, suggesting that NIS gene can also serve as a therapeutic agent when combined with radioiodide injection. Better NIS-mediated tumor treatment by radioiodide requires a more efficient and specific system of gene delivery with better retention of radioiodide in tumor. Results thus far are, however, promising, and suggest that NIS gene transfer followed by radioiodide treatment will allow non-invasive in vivo imaging to assess the outcome of gene therapy and provide a therapeutic strategy for a variety of human cancers.
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PMID:A transporter gene (sodium iodide symporter) for dual purposes in gene therapy: imaging and therapy. 1247 51

A 77-year-old man was referred to our hospital with a complaint of dysuria and right ischiodynia. He had had a hemi-thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer and right cervical lymphadenectomy three years and one year, respectively, before this visit. Prostate cancer was strongly suspected by transrectal examination with prostate specific antigen (PSA) elevated to 77.8 ng/ml. Pathological diagnosis of prostate biopsy specimen was transitional cell carcinoma with grade 3 malignancy and negative staining for PSA. Endoscopic examination showed a normal appearance of bladder and prostatic urethral epithelium. Urine cytology showed no malignant cells. However, immunostaining for PSA revealed that the cervical lymph node specimen resected before was moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of prostate. He had multiple metastases to mediastinal and retroperitoneal lymph nodes and right ischium. Endocrine therapy (goserelin acetate depot, bicalutamide) and systemic chemotherapy (methotrexate, epirubicin, cisplatin) were performed combined with irradiation to right ischium metastasis. Two months later, he showed a complete response in PSA and partial response in lymph node metastases, but died of cancer 13 months later.
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PMID:[A case of primary transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate]. 1289 37

Prostate cancer most often metastases to regional lymph nodes and bones by hematogeneous or lymphatic spread. The authors present a rare case of metastatic prostate cancer to supradiaphragmatic lymph nodes that were detected on 201Tl and 99mTc-MIBI imaging and confirmed on a CT scan. An 81-yr-old man with bilateral painful cervical lymphadenopathies was referred to our hospital with suspected thyroid cancer. The US and thyroid scan indicated no abnormalities in his thyroid gland. Both 201Tl and 99mTc-MIBI scans showed multiple areas of abnormally increased radioactivity in both supraclavicular, anterior mediastinum, and bilateral hilar regions. A CT scan also revealed multiple lymphadenopatheis in the same regions as radionuclide scans. Prostate cancer was diagnosed from the results of immunohistochemical staining for PSA examination of a biopsy specimen of the mediastinal lymph node. The serum PSA concentration was markedly elevated at 490 ng/ml (normal, < 40 ng/ml). Both 99mTc-HMDP bone and 67Ga scans were normal. All supradiaphragmatic lymph nodes on CT images disappeared 2 months after subcapsular orchiectomy and endocrine treatment with Bicalutamide. Metastatic prostate cancer should be considered when metastatic adenocarcinoma is discovered in the supraclavicular lymph nodes of elder men.
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PMID:[A case report of distant lymph nodes metastases from prostate cancer imaged with 201Tl and 99mTc-MIBI]. 1473 8

Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) is a powerful tool that allows digital analysis of overall gene expression patterns. SAGE provides quantitative and comprehensive expression profiling in a given cell population. Because SAGE does not require a preexisting clone, it can be used to identify and quantitate new as well as known genes. It works by isolating short fragments of genetic information from the genes expressed in the cell being studied. These short sequences, called SAGE tags, are linked together for efficient sequencing. SAGE is particularly well suited for organisms whose genome is not completely sequenced, because it does not require a hybridization probe for each transcript and allows new genes to be discovered. New modifications of SAGE now permit the analysis of gene expression in cell sub-populations or micro-anatomic structures, providing access to unexplored transcriptomes of normal and disease biology. Data derived using the SAGE technology have been used to identify tumor markers for a variety of cancers, including gastrointestinal cancer, lung and thyroid cancer, breast and ovarian cancer, neuroblastoma and glioblastoma, prostate cancer, and renal cell carcinoma. In this review we present an outline of the method and updated information on the applications of SAGE technology to various cancers.
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PMID:Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE): application in cancer research. 1517 83

CD82 (KAI1) and CD63 (ME491) are highly glycosylated proteins which belong to the transmembrane 4 superfamily (TM4SF). CD82 has been implicated as a possible prostate cancer metastasis suppressor gene, whereas CD63 is involved in the progression of human melanoma cancer. Down-regulation of both CD82 and CD63 expression has been associated with the metastatic potential of several solid tumors. Currently, information is lacking on the role of CD82 and CD63 during thyroid carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine whether the expression of CD82 and CD63 is a useful prognostic indicator in patients with thyroid carcinoma. The expression of CD82 and CD63 was analysed by reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry in benign goiter (n=12) and 75 primary thyroid carcinoma tissue specimens (PTC: 33, FTC: 24, UTC: 18) out of which 36 were non-metastasized primary tumors and 39 were metastasized tumors (regional lymph node and/or distant metastases). All of the benign goiter tissues showed CD82 expression. By contrast, a significant decrease in CD82 mRNA and protein levels was detected in carcinoma tissues as compared to benign goiter tissues (p<0.001). A similar down-regulation was observed in metastasized tumor tissues when compared with non-metastasized tumors (all p<0.05). CD82 expression was correlated with pTNM status of differentiated and undifferentiated thyroid tumor and the pathologic stage of differentiated thyroid tumor. In contrast to CD82, CD63 mRNA and protein expression was unchanged in all thyroid carcinomas. Benign goiter tissues showed weak expression of CD63. There were no significant correlation between CD63 mRNA/protein expression and any clinical/pathological parameters. Our results support the hypothesis that down-regulation of CD82 expression may reflect an increased in vivo metastatic potential of thyroid cancer cells. CD82 may serve as a prognostic marker of metastasis in thyroid cancer. Constitutive expression of CD63 may indicate that this factor does not play a direct role in thyroid carcinogenesis.
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PMID:CD82, and CD63 in thyroid cancer. 1537 77


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