Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0376358 (prostate cancer)
 59,338 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Over the last decade, there has been accumulating epidemiological data suggesting that exercise may decrease the risk of cancer, particularly colon cancer. However, exercise appears unrelated to rectal cancer risk. With regard to other cancers, because physical activity can alter levels of reproductive hormones, investigators have hypothesized that active individuals should experience decreased incidence of breast or prostate cancer. The better conducted studies suggest that exercise may reduce the risk of developing breast cancer. However, the epidemiological data on prostate cancer have been inconsistent. Meanwhile, data on other site-specific cancers have been sparse. An exciting and emerging body of research has suggested that exercise, at least in moderate amounts, can enhance the human immune system. Theoretically, then, this provides a further biological basis for expecting an inverse relationship between physical activity and cancer risk. However, the changes seen in immune function tend to be transient in nature; thus, the physiological significance with respect to cancer development is uncertain. Preliminary data also suggest that exercise may be beneficial for cancer patients by improving the quality of life and enhancing immune function. Although promising, this needs more careful research. Again, it is unclear whether the enhanced immune function is of any clinical significance in retarding the spread of cancer that has already developed. Finally, with regard to URTIs, moderate exercise appears to decrease the risk of this infection, although high-endurance exercise may increase the risk. This finding parallels the changes seen in the immune system in response to exercise and comes as no surprise, as the immune system also regulates susceptibility to infections.
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PMID:Exercise and physical health: cancer and immune function. 877 83

Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the US in both sexes after lung cancer. In 1995 colorectal cancer became the third most common neoplasm after lung and prostate cancer in men and after lung and breast carcinomas in women. The etiologic factors related to this disease are unknown although environmental, genetic, dietary and familial factors have been implicated. From the standpoint of the treatment it is important to remark that a high percentage of patients with colorectal cancer are curable if the disease is diagnosed in early stages. Adjuvant therapy with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and levamisole (lev) has shown an increase in the cure rate in stage III (Dukes'C) colon cancer patients. In rectal cancer patients adjuvant therapy with chemotherapy and radiation therapy increased the cure rate in stages II (Dukes' B2) and III patients. When colorectal cancer is disseminated (stage IV or Dukes'D), it is incurable in the majority of the patients. In fact, the only curative possibility in this group of patients is, when indicated, surgical resection of the metastatic focus. If resection is unfeasible, palliative treatment with 5-FU-based chemotherapy is the usual approach. Regardless of the advances made in treatment, almost 50% of the colorectal cancer patients still die due to progression of their disease. Better programs of primary and secondary prevention, new therapeutic modalities and better chemotherapeutic agents will be necessary to improve survival in colorectal cancer patients.
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PMID:[Medical treatment of colorectal cancer]. 913 48

Herein, we report a case of quadruple cancer arising from the prostate, stomach, rectum and urinary bladder. A 92-year-old man was admitted to our hospital on March, 1996, with complaints of macroscopic hematuria and micturition pain. He had a history of prostate cancer (no details) at the age of 67, and subtotal gastrectomy for gastric cancer (tubular adenocarcinoma, conclusive stage Ia) at the age of 89. He underwent a polypectomy for rectal cancer (well-differentiated adenocarcinoma)2 at the age of 90. There was no evidence of local recurrence or metastasis of these three carcinomas. Cystoscopy revealed multiple papillary tumors which were resected transurethrally. At the same time transrectal needle biopsy of prostate was performed. Pathology revealed transitional cell carcinoma G2 of urinary bladder and well differentiated adenocarcinoma of prostate. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient has been doing well without recurrence of bladder cancer during the follow-up period of six months.
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PMID:[A case of asynchronous quadruple cancer arising from the prostate, stomach, rectum and urinary bladder]. 948 42

Although survival rates are useful for monitoring progress in the early detection and treatment of cancer and are of particular interest to patients with new diagnoses, there are limited population-based estimates of long-term survival rates. We used data collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program for cases diagnosed during 1974-1991 and followed through 1992 to estimate relative survival at 5, 10, and 15 years after diagnosis of cancer of the breast, prostate, colon and rectum, and lung. Relative survival after diagnosis of breast and prostate cancer continued to decline up through 15 years after diagnosis, whereas survival after diagnosis of lung and colon or rectal cancer remained approximately constant after 5 and 10 years, respectively. Age-specific patterns of survival varied by site, stage, and demographics. Among patients with localized breast and prostate cancer, women who were younger than age 45 at breast cancer diagnosis and men who were 75 years and older at prostate cancer diagnosis had the poorest relative survival. Relative survival among lung cancer patients decreased with age at diagnosis, regardless of stage or demographics, and age-specific patterns of relative survival for patients with cancer of the colon and rectum differed according to race. Among white patients diagnosed with cancers of the colon and rectum, relative survival did not vary by age at diagnosis; among black patients older than 45 at diagnosis, relative survival decreased with age. This study provides population-based estimates of long-term survival and confirms black/white, male/female, and stage- and age-specific differences for the major cancers.
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PMID:Long-term cancer patient survival in the United States. 956 80

Following the demonstration of efficacy, tolerability and quality-of-life benefits of raltitrexed ('Tomudex'), principally in advanced colorectal but also in other cancers, an extensive evaluation of combination therapy with other agents in patients with colorectal and other tumour types is being undertaken. This work has been prompted by preclinical observations of enhanced activity of raltitrexed when coadministered with other cytotoxic agents or radiotherapy and by preliminary results showing the activity of raltitrexed in patients with cancers other than colorectal. Raltitrexed is currently being investigated as monotherapy in phase I and II cancer studies, including head and neck cancer, hormone-resistant prostate cancer, paediatric and adult leukaemias and solid tumours, and soft tissue sarcoma. In addition, phase I clinical trials are evaluating the drug in combination with taxanes (paclitaxel) in solid tumours, anthracyclines (doxorubicin) in gastric carcinoma, topoisomerase I inhibitors (CPT-11) and 5-fluorouracil (both infusion and bolus regimens) in advanced colorectal cancer, platinum compounds (oxaliplatin and cisplatin) in a variety of tumours and radiotherapy in rectal cancer. Preliminary reports indicate good tolerability and acceptability of the combinations being investigated, with no dose-limiting toxicity being reported to date, and some early indications of efficacy.
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PMID:New developments in cancer treatment with the novel thymidylate synthase inhibitor raltitrexed ('Tomudex'). 957 53

Up to 80% of breast, bowel and prostate cancers are attributed to dietary practices, and international comparisons show strong positive associations with meat consumption. Estimates of relative risk obtained from cohort investigations are in the same direction, although generally weak, and red and processed meats rather than white meat seem to be associated with elevated risk of colon cancer. In breast cancer, there are consistent associations with total meat intake and there is evidence of a dose response. Despite these associations with meat, existing studies suggest that vegetarians do not have reduced risk of breast, bowel or prostate cancer, but there are no quantitative estimates of amounts of meat consumed by meat eaters in these cohort studies. Possible mechanisms underlying epidemiological associations include the formation of heterocyclic amines in meat when it is cooked. These heterocyclic amines require acetylation by P450 enzymes, and individuals with the fast-acetylating genotype who eat high amounts of meat may be at increased risk of large-bowel cancer. NH3 and N-nitroso compounds (NOC) formed from residues by bacteria in the large bowel and probably also important. NH3 is a promotor of large-bowel tumours chemically induced by NOC, and some of the chromosomal mutations found in human colo-rectal cancer are consistent with effects of NOC and heterocyclic amines. However, the type, amount, and cooking method of meat or protein associated with increased risk are not certain. The effects of high levels of meat on NH3 and NOC output are not reduced by increasing the amount of fermentable carbohydrate in the diet, but interaction between meat, NSP and vegetable intakes on the risk of cancer has not been studied comprehensively. The interaction between dietary low-penetrance genetic polymorphic and somatic mutation factors has also been investigated to a limited extent. Current Department of Health (1998) recommendations are that meat consumption should not rise, and that consumers at the top end of the distribution should consider a reduction in intakes.
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PMID:High-meat diets and cancer risk. 1046 62

The Surveillance Research Program of the American Cancer Society's Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research reports its annual compilation of estimated cancer incidence, mortality, and survival data for the United States in the year 2000. After 70 years of increases, the recorded number of total cancer deaths among men in the US declined for the first time from 1996 to 1997. This decrease in overall male mortality is the result of recent down-turns in lung and bronchus cancer deaths, prostate cancer deaths, and colon and rectum cancer deaths. Despite decreasing numbers of deaths from female breast cancer and colon and rectum cancer, mortality associated with lung and bronchus cancer among women continues to increase. Lung cancer is expected to account for 25% of all female cancer deaths in 2000. This report also includes a summary of global cancer mortality rates using data from the World Health Organization.
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PMID:Cancer statistics, 2000. 1073 13

Prostatic cancer (PC) is second only to lung cancer as a cause of cancer mortality in men word-wide. In Israel it is the most common cause of cancer mortality in men, after lung cancer and colo-rectal cancer. We screened, for the first time in Israel, for prostatic cancer using serum levels of PSA and a digital rectal examination (DRE). The purpose was not only to diagnose PC but also to increase public awareness of the condition. 300 men in the Haifa area who met statistical criteria for early diagnosis of PC participated. They filled a questionnaire regarding risk factors for PC (age, family history (FH) of prostatic and breast cancer, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, previous PSA sampling) and were examined. Those who had out-of-range, age-related PSA values, or a pathologic DRE underwent trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS) examination and guided biopsy of the prostate. Those with a positive biopsy for PC underwent radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy. 41 (14.3%) had out-of-range, age-related PSA levels and 10 (3.5%) had a pathologic DRE. 39 (13.3%) underwent TRUS and biopsy and 6 (2.04%) had clinically significant PC, all early stages (Gleason 4-6). Correlation between age and PSA has been proven statistically significant (p < 0.05). Symptoms of urinary tract obstruction and nocturia were related to a high PSA (p = 0.035 and 0.002, respectively). Those with PC had at least 1 symptom of urinary tract obstruction; 6 (15.3%) who underwent TRUS and biopsy and a FH of prostate cancer. However, no subject with a FH of PC had biopsy-proven cancer. Those with PC had PSA values from 4.9 to 31.8 ng/ml (9.6 median). Age-related PSA had a positive predictive value of 17.1%. Results of our annual screening for early detection of PC using age-related PSA, and DRE are encouraging: cases detected were clinically significant and treatable. It would appear that screening for PC will result in decreasing the incidence of metastatic cancer and therefore mortality.
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PMID:[Screening for early detection of prostate cancer (first experience in Israel)]. 1124 98

Recent theories propose that a Western lifestyle may increase cancer risk through alterations in the metabolism of insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGF: McKeown-Eyssen, 1994; Giovannucci, 1995; Kaaks, 19%; Werner & LeRoith, 1996). Insulin regulates energy metabolism, and increases the bioactivity of IGF-I, by enhancing its synthesis. and by decreasing several of its binding proteins (IGFBP; IGFBP-1 and -2). Insulin and IGF-I both stimulate anabolic processes as a function of available energy and elementary substrates (e.g. amino acids). The anabolic signals by insulin or IGF-I can promote tumour development by inhibiting apoptosis, and by stimulating cell proliferation. Furthermore, both insulin and IGF-I stimulate the synthesis of sex steroids, and inhibit the synthesis of sex hormone-binding globulin (SFIBG), a binding protein that regulates the bioavailability of circulating sex steroids to tissues. The present paper reviews epidemiological findings relating the risk of cancers of the colo-rectum, pancreas, breast, endometrium and prostate to body size (obesity, height) and physical activity, and discusses the relationships between obesity and physical activity and plasma levels of insulin, IGF-I and IGFBP. Subsequent sections review epidemiological findings relating cancer risk to indices of chronic hyperinsulinaemia, and to plasma levels of IGF-I and IGFBP. Conclusions are that chronic hyperinsulinaemia may be a cause of cancers of the colon, pancreas and endometrium, and also possibly of the breast. On the other hand, elevated plasma IGF-I, as total concentrations or relative to levels of IGFBP-3, appears to be related to an increased risk of prostate cancer, breast cancer in young women, and possibly cob-rectal cancer. For cancers of the endometrium, breast and prostate, these findings are discussed in the context of relationships between insulin and IGF-I and levels of bioavailable sex steroids.
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PMID:Energy balance and cancer: the role of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I. 1131 Apr 28

The level in each sex of site-specific cancers mortality is highly variable among 40 countries worldwide and somewhat less in the EU. The mortality ratio of the country worldwide with the highest upon that of the lowest cancer rate varied from 6 to 24 times in men and 6 to 17 times in women. In the EU it ranked from 3 to 10 in men and from 2 to 9 in women. Total cancer mortality had a smaller ratio (2 to 4) suggesting external and/or internal feedback mechanisms. The changes in site-specific cancer mortality rates worldwide over the years are also markedly different. A decreasing pattern since 1980 is more frequent in stomach and rectum cancer rates in each sex, in male lung cancer and in endometrium cancer. An increasing pattern is more often seen in prostate cancer, breast cancer, female lung cancer and male colon cancer. The most significant positive correlations of cardiovascular diseases are observed with rectum cancer in each sex and with endometrium cancer. Only male lung cancer correlates significantly with cardiovascular diseases. Prostate, breast and colon cancer are not positively and significantly related to cardiovascular diseases. The comparison of cancer mortality data from Belgium, The Netherlands and Denmark between 1955 and 1993 are consistent with previous results. The reliability of cancer mortality data and the role of genetic and environmental factors are discussed in two addenda. Finally it can be concluded that colon and rectum cancer behave differently at the population level. Colorectal cancer mortality data will provide misleading epidemiological results.
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PMID:Epidemiology of cancer mortality. 1143 17


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