Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A strain of Haemophilus influenzae resistant to tetracycline (MIC 16-32 mug/ml) was "cured" of tetracycline resistance by ethidium bromide. DNA centrifugation in cesium chloride + ethidium bromide density gradients showed the existence of a band of non-chromosomal DNA molecules in the original resistant strain. This band was not found in lysates of a strain "cured" of tetracycline resistance by ethidium bromide. These facts support the hypothesis that in this strain of Haemohpilus influenzae, tetracycline resistance is plasmid mediated.
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PMID:[Tetracycline resistance in Haemophilus influenzae is plasmid-linked]. 80 46

Cefatrizine (SK&F 60771), a new orally-active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, was compared with cephalexin and cefazolin for in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity and pharmacokinetic behavior in laboratory animals. The average MIC values obtained with cefatrizine against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were superior to those obtained with cephalexin and somewhat poorer than those of cefazolin. In addition, a large percentage of the enterobacter and enterococcus isolates were found to be susceptible. Cefatrizine had a longer biological half-life and a higher peak serum level than either cefazolin or cephalexin when administered parenterally or orally to mice at 20 mg/kg. It had striking in vivo protective activity in mice infected with Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Hemophilus influenzae, Proteus morganii or Staphylococcus aureus reflecting its superior pharmacokinetic profile in this animal species. A variable pharmacokinetic response between animal species was observed when cefatrizine was administered either orally or parenterally to dogs, squirrel monkeys or rabbits.
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PMID:Laboratory studies with cefatrizine (SK + F 60771), a new broad-spectrum orally-active cephalosporin. 80 25

Bordetella bronchiseptica is primarily resistant against nitrofurantoin (MIC greater than 200 mug/ml), and this feature can be used for the differentiation of the organism from other gram-negative coccobacteria. Nitrofurantoin paper disks (300 mug) failed to affect the growth of 150 strains of B. bronchiseptica isolated from different animal hosts, but they produced marked inhibition zones in the cultures of the followingspecies: Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella pneumotropica, Pasteurella haemolytica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Yersinia enterocolitica, Francisella tularensis, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis and Brucella neotomae.
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PMID:[Nitrofurantoin-test for the differentiation of bordetella bronchiseptica (author's transl)]. 80 44

One hundred and one strains of Hemophilus influenzae type b isolated at the Children's Hospital Medical Center from blood or CSF and 18 strains known to be resistant to ampicillin of which 17 were supplied to us by others were tested for their sensitivity to 17 antibiotics. Two groups were defined according to their sensitivity to ampicillin. When 10-3 bacteria were applied, 18 strains isolated from patients with ampicillin treatment failures had a median minimum inhibitory concentrations of 3.1 mug/ml. At 10-6 bacteria the median MIC for the resistant strains increased 512-fold, whereas the sensitive strains increased two-fold. The most active antibiotics against sensitive and resistant strains were rifampin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, rosamycin, and erythromycin with MICs ranging from 0.2-0.8 mug/ml at 10-3 bacteria and from 0.2-1.6 mug/ml at 10-6.
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PMID:Hemophilus influenzae type B susceptibility to 17 antibiotics. 107 51

Haemophilus influenzae type B, strain W-2, is highly resistant to ampicillin (MIC, 12.5 mug/ml). The ampicillin resistance of strain W-2 was transferred to an antibiotic-sensitive strain TF-2 (RifR, SmR) during mixed incubation on membrane filters at 36 C(transfeer frequency, 4.6 times 10(-5) per donor). Resistance was also transferred from the primary recipient to a secondary one (TF-3, EryR, NovR). The transfer frequency between these derivative strains was 10(-4) after incubation for 30 min. Resistance in strain W-2 remained even after growth in the presence of ethidium bromide or at an elevated temperature, although ampicillin resistance was lost from 13%-25% of transcipient cells after growth in broth. Strain W-2 and transcipients of ampicillin resistance had equivalent levels of beta-lactamase activity, while sensitive segregants and recipient strains demonstrated little or no enzyme activity. Transfer of ampicillin resistance between strains of H. influenzae is probably mediated by conjugation since transfer (1) requires cell-to-cell contact, (2) remains unchanged in the presence of DNase I, and (3) occurs in the absence of demonstrable bacteriophage.
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PMID:Transfer of ampicillin resistance between strains of Haemophilus influenzae type B. 108 Apr 95

A total of 30 recently isolated strains of Haemophilus influenzae were tested for in vitro susceptibility to seven cephalosporins. In order of bacteriostatic effectiveness, the in vitro activity of the antibiotics studied was: cephapirin (median MIC = 0.78 mcg/ml), cephalothin (median MIC = 1.56 mcg/ml), cefazolin (median MIC: 1.56 mcg/ml), cephaloridine (median MIC = 3.12 mcg/ml), cefoxitin (median MIC = 3.12 mcg/ml), cephradine (median MIC = 12.5 mcg/ml) and cephalexin (median MIC = 25 mcg/ml). The bactericidal effectiveness of the seven compounds was studied against one of these strains. No drug was able to kill the selected strain in less than 6 hrs, even at 100 mcg per ml. Cefoxitin exhibited the best bactericidal effects, closely followed by cefazolin and cephapirin.
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PMID:In vitro bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities of 7 cephalosporin antibiotics on Haemophilus influenzae. 108 73

Susceptibility to ampicillin and chloramphenicol in vitro has been determined for Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated from blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid cultures of patients admitted to two Atlanta hospitals from 1 January 1974 to 31 March 1975. Since the appearance of ampicillin-resistant strains of this organism in early 1974, chloramphenicol has been used in these hospitals as initial therapy for severe infection due to H. influenzae. Strains from five of 94 patients were resistant to ampicillin (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] >/= 12.5 mug/ml), but all strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol (MIC < 2 mug/ml). The first 35 strains studied, including three resistant to ampicillin, were also tested for in vitro susceptibility to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; all were highly susceptible (MIC </= 0.0312 mug of trimethoprim and 0.625 mug of sulfamethoxazole per ml).
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PMID:Susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae isolates from blood and cerebrospinal fluid to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. 108 98

Chloramphenicol is presently the drug of choice in the initial treatment of serious infections due to Hemophilus influenzae type b. Rapid detection of ampicillin resistance in clinical isolates would facilitate early discontinuation of chloramphenicol therapy in patients infected with ampicillin-sensitive bacteria. A total of 160 strains of H. influenzae type b were tested with a one-hour acidimetric microassay for beta-lactamase activity. All ampicillin-resistant strains rapidly hydrolysed the beta-lactam ring of penicillin. When isolates were encoded and tested without knowledge of their MICs, the 40 ampicillin-resistant strains (MIC greater than or equal to 2 mug/ml) were readily distinguished from 120 sensitive strains. Rapid beta-lactamase assay is therefore a reliable detector of ampicillin resistance in H. influenzae type b.
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PMID:Evaluation of a rapid beta-lactamase test for detecting ampicillin-resistant strains of Hemophilus influenzae type b. 108 35

The antibacterial activity of thiamphenicol was compared to that of chloramphenicol against 313 strains of gram-negative bacilli isolated from various clinical specimens. These two antiboitics were equally active against the 106 isolates of Haemophilus MIC equals 0.1 minus 1.56 mu g/ml) and against 40 strains of Bacteroides fragilis (almost all strains being inhibited by 12.5 mug/ml of the two drugs). In contrast, when compared with chloramphenicol, 2-16 times as much of thiamphenicol was required to inhibit Enterobacteriacae, making prediction of the susceptibility of these strains to thiamphenicol on the basis of chloramphenicol testing alone likely to be hazardous. Disc diffusion test using 30-mug discs and 12 mm as cut-off point was a reliable technique to determine susceptibility of bacteria either to chloramphenicol or thiamphenicol. When thiamphenicol discs of greater potency (50 mug) were employed, many strains exhibited wide zones of inhibition although most of them were resistant by the agar dilution method (MIC is greater than 12.5 mug/ml). This practice is not advisable for testing organisms isolated outside of the urinary tract.
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PMID:Comparative in vitro acitvity of chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol on common aerobic and anaerobic gram-negative bacilli(Salmonella and Shigella excluded). 109 9

BAY Y3118, 1-cyclopropyl-7-(2,8-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-8-yl)-6-fluoro-8- chloro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid hydrochloride, is a new fluoroquinolone with antibacterial activity against an expanded spectrum of species including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and also anaerobes such as Bacteriodes fragilis and Clostridium perfringens. MIC90s for S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, and S. pneumoniae clinical isolates were 0.125, 0.25, 0.125 and 0.25 micrograms/ml, respectively. Against methicillin- and/or quinolone-resistant S. aureus, MIC50 levels of BAY Y3118 were 10- to 100-fold lower than those of tosufloxacin, sparfloxacin, or ciprofloxacin. The potency of BAY Y3118 against all members of the Enterobacteriaceae generally was equal to or 2-fold greater than that of ciprofloxacin or tosufloxacin. BAY Y3118 was also highly active against Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Increasing inoculum concentrations had a minimal effect on MIC determinations. The drug was determined to be bactericidal based upon reference MBCs and time-kill curves. From the results presented here, it was concluded that this new compound surpasses other known 4-quinolones both in spectrum and activity and that its further evaluation by in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies seems warranted.
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PMID:In vitro evaluation of BAY Y3118, a new full-spectrum fluoroquinolone. 128 61


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