Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In 11 patients, the concentration of cefoperazone (CPZ) in the lung tissue were studied after a 2 g intravenous bolus injection. Samples of lung tissue and blood were taken during surgery at 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 minutes after administration of CPZ. All samples were assayed by the paper disc method using Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341 as the indicator strain. All assay results of lung tissue were corrected for the amount of blood contained in the tissue samples by the hemoglobin content in the homogenate of lung tissue. The CPZ levels in the lung tissue were 116.2 micrograms/g at 15 min., 94.1 micrograms/g at 30 min., 74.6 micrograms/g at 60 min., 67.9 micrograms/g at 120 min., 54.6 micrograms/g at 180 min., 29.2 micrograms/g at 240 min. and 22.7 micrograms/g at 300 min. after administration, respectively. These values were higher than MIC90 values of CPZ for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Enterobacteriaceae. The level of CPZ in the lung tissue was higher than 50% of the level in the serum until 180 minutes after administration of CPZ.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetics of cefoperazone concentration in human lung tissue]. 370 62

A simple micromethod in a liquid medium using the API-ATB system was developed for testing the susceptibility of Haemophilus to antibiotics. To evaluate this method, 50 strains, including 12 beta-lactamase producers, were studied. Results were compared to those obtained using MIC determination in a liquid medium (reference) and an agar diffusion method (routine). For all three techniques, a Mueller-Hinton medium enriched in hemoglobin and NAD was used, and cultures were incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 hours in normal atmosphere. Influence of the inoculum on results was evaluated using the API-ATB method for all antibiotics and MIC determination for ampicillin; the optimal inoculum was found to be 8.10(5) CFU/ml. Beta-lactamase was looked for using the chromogen cephalosporin test associated with the API-ATB system. Values of MICs for the various antibiotics were consistent with previous reports. Paired comparison of techniques showed a 5.3% disagreement rate between API-ATB and MIC, with only 0.5% major discrepancies; in contrast, the disagreement rate exceeded 10% when disk diffusion was compared with the two other techniques. We conclude to the reliability and reproducibility of the API-ATB method which seems capable of improving current routine evaluations of the susceptibility of Haemophilus to antibiotics.
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PMID:[Evaluation of the sensitivity of Haemophilus to antibiotics by the modified API-ATB system]. 391 Nov 54

A culture medium for the selective isolation of Haemophilus species is described. Bacitracin and nutritional supplements were incorporated in a rich basal agar medium to which rabbit blood was added to distinguish hemolytic species. Colony counts of seven typed strains of H. influenzae on this medium were within practical limits of counts on other media tested for clinical use. The bacitracin medium was as reliable as hemoglobin-agar for detecting H. influenzae and more sensitive for detecting other Haemophilus species in a clinical survey with the advantage of selectivity.
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PMID:Selective culture medium to survey the incidence of Haemophilus species. 530 60

Although the epidemiology and pathophysiology of serious bacterial infection in homozygous sickle cell anemia (SS disease) have become increasingly well understood, information about infection risk and splenic reticuloendothelial function in hemoglobin SC disease is quite limited. Therefore, the type and frequency of invasive bacterial disease were examined in 51 children with SC disease followed for 370 person-years and splenic function was assessed in 31 patients by quantitation of pitted erythrocytes. Seven serious bacterial infections occurred in four of the patients, five due to Streptococcus pneumoniae and two to Haemophilus influenzae. A primary focus of infection was present in all episodes, none of which proved fatal. Although 30 episodes of pneumonia or chest syndrome occurred in 20 of the patients, a bacterial etiology was proven in only three instances. Splenic function was usually impaired, with a mean pit count of 7.1% +/- 8.2% (range 0% to 22.9%). This is significantly greater than normal, but less than pit counts in patients with SS disease or asplenic subjects. Children with SC disease may have a greater risk of bacterial infection than normal children, but their infection rate is not nearly as high as that in patients with SS disease.
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PMID:Bacterial infection and splenic reticuloendothelial function in children with hemoglobin SC disease. 660 68

Ampicillin resistance among strains of Hemophilus is usually due to production of beta-lactamase. This paper reports the isolation of a strain of H. parainfluenzae resistant to ampicillin with no detectable beta-lactamase or amidase activity. The organism, isolated from the blood of a patient who had aortic valve endocarditis, gave a zone diameter consistent with ampicillin sensitivity when tested by disc diffusion in Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with 1% IsoVitaleX and 1% hemoglobin. Broth dilution testing in Levinthal medium, however, revealed the following minimal inhibitory cencentrations: ampicillin, 32 micrograms/ml; penicillin, 256 micrograms/ml; methicillin, 128 micrograms/ml; carbenicillin, 128 micrograms/ml; and cephalothin and chloramphenicol, 1.0 micrograms/ml. The results of acidimetric, iodometric, and chromogenic cephalosporin methods for detection of beta-lactamase were negative. Beta-lactamase activity could not be demonstrated in cell sonicates or induced by growth of the cells in antibiotic-containing medium. In addition, no extracellular degradation of either ampicillin or penicillin could be demonstrated.
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PMID:Ampicillin resistance in Hemophilus parainfluenzae. 696 94

Previous animal models of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (HITB) infection are characterized by a low mortality rate. We produced a highly lethal infection in CF1 mice using mouse passage, mucin, and hemoglobin to enhance infectivity. Infection by the intraperitoneal route was followed by progressive peritonitis and bacteremia with subsequent HITB infection of the brain and meninges, and death. Death occurred between eight and 72 hours after infection and was associated with 10(6) to 10(9) HITB per ml of blood and with 10(2) to 10(5) HITB per g of brain. Mucin-hemoglobin did not augment HITB growth, but impaired macrophage adherence to glass in vitro, without decreasing cellular viability. In vivo, mucin-hemoglobin decreased the rate of disappearance of 51Cr-labelled HITB from the blood by impairment of hepatic clearance. This technically simple and inexpensive model is useful for the study of HITB infections in which bacterial multiplication, invasion and host lethality are desired features.
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PMID:Lethal Haemophilus influenzae type b infection in mice. 698 99

To document the efficacy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) in treating bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, and to evaluate the efficacy of thiamphenicol (TAP), 29 patients with chronic bronchial disease were treated for two separate bacterial exacerbations, once with 0.48 g of TMP and 2.4 g SMZ daily, and once with 1.5 g of TAP daily, for 14 days. Patients were evaluated weekly and different measurements, including graded clinical observations, ventilatory tests, sputum measurements, quantitative bacterial counts and blood studies were performed. Side effects were closely monitored. Of the 29 patients entered, 20 finished the trial and hence 40 exacerbations were evaluated. All graded clinical observations were improved by the antimicrobials, whereas no marked change in the ventilatory tests was seen. Of the sputum measurements the daily volume, purulence, numbers of neutrophils and bronchial epithelial cells decreased, as did the numbers of Haemophilus influenzae and pneumococci. Of the blood studies the red blood cell count fell by more than 20% of the pretreatment value in 2 patients on TAP and 2 on TMP-SMZ. Using the same criterion, the hemoglobin level fell in 4 patients on TAP and in the hemoglobin level fell in 4 patients on TAP and in 2 patients on TAP-SMZ, while the hematocrit fell in 4 patients on TAP and in 1 on TMP-SMZ. However, all these changes were completely reversible. Minor gastrointestinal side effects were observed in 11 patients receiving TAP, compared to 3 patients on TMP-SMZ. 1 patient on the latter drug experienced a rash at the end of therapy. From the viewpoint of overall clinical assessment, 16 patients improved and 4 remained unchanged during therapy with TAP. The corresponding figures for TMP-SMZ were 17 patients improved, 2 the same and 1 worse at the end of therapy. The average relapse time after TAP was 184 days and after TMP-SMZ 180 days. In conclusion, 80% or more of exacerbations were improved by the two drugs. For all the variables measured, no significant differences were statistically detectable between the two antimicrobials, whether given in the sequence TAP first and TMP-SMZ second, or vice versa.
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PMID:[Thiamphenicol versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in bacterial exacerbations of chronic unspecific respiratory tract diseases. A controlled study]. 699 18

Efforts to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b (HIB) infections in infancy have been hampered by the low immunogenicity of capsular polysaccharide vaccines in children younger than 18 mos. In searching for alternate immunogens, we have studied the protective potential of polysaccharide-poor, lipid-rich endotoxin (LPS) core in experimental HIB infections. Because all gram-negative bacteria have similar LPS core structures, we were able to use as vaccine the J5 mutant of Escherichia coli 0111, the LPS of which consists only of core components, and thus to avoid problems in interpretation arising from vaccine contamination with non-LPS HIB immunogens. Mice were given graded inocula of HIB and developed lethal infection analogous to human HIB disease when virulence was enhanced with mucin and hemoglobin. After active immunization with heat-killed E. coli J5, 40/50 (80%) of infected mice survived, compared with 14/50 (28%) of saline-immunized controls (P less than 0.005). Passive immunization with rabbit antiserum against E. coli J5 prevented lethal HIB infection when administered 24 or 72 h before or 3 h after infection. This protection was abolished by adsorption of antiserum with purified J5 LPS, with survival reduced from 14/24 to 0/24 (P less than 0.005). Furthermore, rabbit antiserum to purified J5 LPS gave just as potent protection against death as antiserum to whole J5 cells. These studies demonstrate that immunity to core LPS confers protection against experimental murine HIB infection and provide the framework for a new approach to prevention of human disease from HIB.
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PMID:Induction of immunity against lethal Haemophilus influenzae type b infection by Escherichia coli core lipopolysaccharide. 704 55

Within the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease, 694 infants with confirmed sickle cell disease were enrolled at less than 6 months of age. Information about the nature and frequency of complications was collected prospectively over a 10-year period. Painful crises and acute chest syndrome were the most common sickle cell-related events in homozygous sickle cell anemia (SS), hemoglobin SC disease (SC), and S beta thalassemia patients (overall incidence in SS patients of 32.4 and 24.5 cases per 100 person-years, respectively). Bacteremia occurred most frequently in SS children under 4 years of age and in SC patients less than 2 years of age. The mortality rate was low in this cohort compared with that found in previous reports. Twenty children, all with Hb SS, died (1.1 deaths per 100 person-years among SS patients). Infection, most commonly with Streptococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae, caused 11 deaths. Two children died of splenic sequestration, 1 of cerebrovascular accident, and 6 of unclear causes. Two patients underwent cholecystectomies, and 17 underwent splenectomies after one or more splenic sequestration crises. The experience of this cohort should reflect closely the true clinical course of those children with Hb SS and Hb SC disease who are observed in sickle cell centers in the United States.
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PMID:Clinical events in the first decade in a cohort of infants with sickle cell disease. Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease. 749

A new selective medium (BAV), consisting of trypticase agar with 5% sheep hemoglobin and 2 micrograms of vancomycin per ml, was compared with the routine blood-agar medium for the primary isolation of Kingella kingae from upper respiratory specimens from a population of young children. Infection was detected by the BAV medium in 43 of 44 (98%) cultures positive for K. kingae, and detection of the organism was facilitated by inhibition of gram-positive flora. Infection was detected in only 10 of 44 (23%) positive cultures by the blood-agar medium, and plates were usually covered by abundant normal flora, making the recognition of K. kingae much more difficult. Challenge of the medium with different organisms of respiratory origin showed that the BAV medium was inhibitory for gram-positive cocci and Haemophilus influenzae but that it supported growth of eight K. kingae strains isolated from patients with invasive infections. The new medium appears to be a useful epidemiological tool for studying the respiratory carriage of K. kingae.
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PMID:Evaluation of novel vancomycin-containing medium for primary isolation of Kingella kingae from upper respiratory tract specimens. 761 73


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