Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The current prevalence of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae b meningitis requires accurate knowledge of susceptibility to alternative antibiotics. One variable affecting susceptibility is inoculum size. We studied the susceptibility of 200 clinical isolates of H. influenzae b to ampicillin, carbenicillin, and cefamandole at inocula of 10(5) and 10(7) CFU by two techniques. Fifty ampicillin-susceptible and fifty ampicillin-resistant strains were tested for susceptibility to ampicillin by broth dilution while 100 of each were tested by agar dilution. An inoculum effect was found, being greatest with the ampicillin-resistant strains. The range of minimal inhibitory concentrations for the resistant strains was 25 to 800 microgram of ampicillin per ml at an inoculum of 10(5) and 2,000 to less than 6,000 microgram of ampicillin at 10(7); 1.0 to 150 microgram of carbenicillin per ml at 10(5) and 6.2 to 2,000 microgram of carbenicillin per ml at 10(7); 0.4 to 2.0 microgram of cefamandole at 10(5) and 1.0 to 125 microgram/ml at 10(7). Because of this inoculum effect, we would not recommend the use of carbenicillin or cefamandole for therapy of ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae meningitis.
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PMID:Effect of inoculum size on the susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae b to beta-lactam antibiotics. 31 8

A healthy 51-year-old male developed multiarticular infectious arthritis due to Hemophilus influenzae, a rare cause of infectious arthritis in adults. Previous case reports are reviewed. Predisposing factors include chronic illness, underlying joint disease, joint trauma, and respiratory infection. H. influenzae is frequently misidentified on Gram stain, being mistaken for gonococci or pneumococci. Infections due to H. influenzae may occur in normal adults. Aspects of immunity are discussed.
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PMID:Infectious arthritis due to Hemophilus influenzae. 31 60

Serum and sputum sol phase from 23 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) were examined for occurrence and titres of precipitins against Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel. The patients had from four to nine H. influenzae precipitins in serum and in most cases fewer precipitins in sputum, but, on an average, there was no difference between the titres of the antibodies in serum and sputum. Most of the antibodies were cross-reactive with other species, notably those of the Haemophilus genus. S. aureus precipitins were generally found in higher numbers in serum than in sputum, but, on an average, the titre of the precipitins in sputum was higher than in serum. Three of the precipitins were detectable only in sputum and not in serum, and one of these is a S. aureus-specific precipitin. Most of the antibodies were cross-reactive with other species, and these antibodies were often present in sputum in much higher titres than in the corresponding sera. Antibodies against teichoic acid of the S. aureus cell wall could not be demonstrated in sputum, while they were present in 22 sera. The possible role of the local pulmonary humoral immune response in protective immunity and in the pathology of the lung disease in CF is discussed.
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PMID:Precipitating antibodies against Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus in sputum and serum from patients with cystic fibrosis. 31 11

A case is reported of polytenosynovitis in a 31-year-old male during the course of a severe bacteraemic illness caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. The clinical presentation was similar to tenosynovitis caused by bacterial or viral agents. As the management of the H. influenzae tenosynovitis would differ from that due to other causes, the addition of H. influenzae type b to a differential of tenosynovitis should be considered. Recognition and prompt treatment by appropriate antibiotics may be important to avoid suppurative complications affecting the tendons. As the pathophysiology of the tenosynovitis is not clear, careful bacteriological and immunological assessment must be obtained.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae tenosynovitis. 31 40

An epidemiologic survey of meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b in children aged zero to four years during an 11-year period (January 1965-December 1975) was conducted in the Baltimore, Maryland, metropolitan area to examine recent trends in the incidence of this disease. Cases of H. influenzae meningitis were identified at all 19 hospitals in the city and county of Baltimore and all 41 hospitals in the surrounding area. The population at risk (age, zero to four years) was estimated using yearly birth rates provided by the state of Maryland and U.S. Census information for 1960 and 1970. Yearly age-adjusted incidence was calculated; in contrast to previous studies, there was no significant increase in the annual incidence (range, 12-27; mean, 19.3/100,000 population at risk). Previous reports of recent increases in the incidence of meningitis caused by H. influenzae type b may be due to differences in study techniques.
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PMID:Absence of increasing incidence of meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenza type b. 31 92

Forty-four serologically and biochemically typable Haemophilus influenzae isolates from clinical specimens in Taiwan were subjected to analysis in their relationship with source of isolation and age distribution. It was found that all isolates from blood and cerebrospinal fluid were serotype b, biotype I, and all were in children less than 4 years of age. Serotypes b and e, biotypes I and III were encountered to have the highest incidence of infection caused by H. influenzae in this area. All H. influenzae isolates were further tested for susceptibility to several selected antibiotics. All strains of this organism were susceptible to erythromycin and chloramphenicol. All but two strains were susceptible to tetracycline, whereas more strains were resistant to carbenicillin, gentamycin, keflin, and penicillin. Thirty-four percent strains were found to be resistant to ampicillin and all were beta-lactamase producer. No direct correlation between ampicillin resistance and serotypes or biotypes was recognized.
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PMID:Serotypes and biotypes and antibiotic susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae encountered in a clinical laboratory in Taiwan. 31 80

Ribonucleic acid was removed from a phenol-water extract of Haemophilus influenzae type a by streptomycin sulfate. This preparation was called purified preparation or PP. It contained neutral sugars (glucose, galactose, mannose, pentose), glucosamine, amino acids, and fatty acids. Heptose and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid were not present. The biological properties and immunogenicity were compared with the activities of lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium. Higher doses were necessary to obtain lethality in mice and Sanarelli and Shwartzman reactions with our preparations than were necessary with lipopolysaccharide. The Limulus test and pyrogen assay in rabbits gave the same results with purified preparation and lipopolysaccharide, but pyrogenicity of purified preparation was not destroyed by NaOH treatment. Purified preparation was not as immunogenic at low doeses for rabbits as lipopolysaccharide. The results were different from those obtained with lipopolysaccharide but similar to those known from peptidoglycan studies. The contamination of purified preparation with peptidoglycan was negligible and cannot explain the biological activities of purified preparation. We suggest that the phenol-water extract from H. influenzae is not a classical endotoxin, but rather an endotoxin-like substance.
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PMID:Chemical composition and biological activities of a phenol-water extract from Haemophilus influenzae type a. 31 93

The antibacterial activity of cefaclor against 100 non-beta-lactamase producing and 11 beta-lactamase producing isolates of Haemophilus influenzae was compared with that of cephalexin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole. A new standardized microtiter dilution technique was used. Cefaclor showed greater activity than did cephalexin and inhibited beta-lactamase producing H. influenzae isolates. Ampicillin was the most active compound against non-beta-lactamase producing isolates. One of our strains was resistant to chloramphenicol and one resistant to tetracycline.
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PMID:[In vitro activity of cefaclor against Haemophilus influenzae in comparison to various oral chemotherapeutic agents (author's transl)]. 31 12

Protein A-rich staphylococci coated with Haemophilus influenzae type b antiserum agglutinate specifically with homologous bacterial cells or with cell-free supernatant fluids of cultures of the organism. Antibody-coated staphylococci were used to detect soluble antigens in body fluids of patients infected with H. influenzae type b. Cerebrospinal fluid from 36 cases of meningitis caused by this orgainsm showed positive coagglutination tests in 86% of patients prior to initiation of therapy. Antigens could be detected in 46% of sterile cerebrospinal fluid specimens obtained from the same cases 1 to 10 days after therapy. Soluble antigens were also detectable in sera (58%) and urine specimens (67%) of patients with H. influenzae type b septicemia, when such specimens were tested within 10 days of onset of illness. No antigen could be detected in body fluids beyond 10 days. The coagglutination test was positive in 57% of all body fluids examined; contercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CCIE) was positive in only 27%. All specimens positive by CCIE were also positive by coagglutination. No false-positive reactions were noted by either test in body fluids from controls. The coagglutination test is simple, specific, and more sensitive than the CCIE method and could be a valuable tool for detecting antigens in body fluids of patients with various infections.
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PMID:Detection of Haemophilus influenzae type b antigens in body fluids, using specific antibody-coated staphylococci. 31 13

Two cases of bacterial endocarditis caused by Haemophilus parainfluenzae are reported with a review of 33 other cases of H. parainfluenzae endocarditis and 5 cases of H. influenzae endocarditis. Although H. parainfluenzae is usually considered a non-pathogenic microorganism, this review firmly establishes its role as a causative agent in endocarditis. Furthermore, several clinical features were noted which were atypical when compared to findings usually present in patients with bacterial endocarditis. The mean age of the patients was only 27 years. Over 60% of the patients had no identifiable predisposing illness, an unexpected finding in view of the low degree of pathogenicity associated with this microorganism. Polymicrobial bacteremia, usually with viridans streptococci, was found in 11% of patients. Major arterial emboli were documented in 57% of patients, an incidence unchanged from the pre-antibiotic era. Diagnosis of the disease is dependent upon an awareness of the fastidious cultural requirements necessary for isolation of Haemophilus species. Culture media must contain a source of X and V factors. Mortality from H. parainfluenzae endocarditis has been reduced from 100 per cent prior to 1940 to about 12 per cent by use of appropriate antimicrobial agents. Awareness that Haemophilus species can cause bacterial endocarditis is important because the diagnosis is dependent upon utilization of special culture methods and the patient may not respond to some of the empiric regimens used for treating bacterial endocarditis. It should be especially considered as a possible cause of "culture-negative" or "abacteremic" endocarditis.
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PMID:Haemophilus parainfluenzae and influenzae endocarditis: a review of forty cases. 32 16


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