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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A total of 130 Haemophilus strains, comprising virtually all isolates from Danish and Norwegian cases of Haemophilus meningitis occurring in the period from October 1975 through September 1976, were examined by biochemical and serological means. All isolates were identified as H. influenzae and, except for one noncapsulated strain, possessed a capsule of serotype b. The vast majority of strains (93%) belonged to biotype I, which, in contrast to biotypes II and III, is rarely encountered as a commensal of the upper respiratory tract. This finding is a strong incentive for studies of possible additional virulence factors associated with biotype I organisms. The results are discussed in the light of North American reports, which have suggested changes in the etiology of Haemophilus meningitis.
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PMID:Biochemical characteristics of 130 recent isolates from Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. 31 3

To evaluate ampicillin (Amp) and chloramphenicol (Cm) alone and in combination against Haemophilus influenzae type b, we examined the viability of 5 log(10) colony-forming units (CFU) of early-log-phase organisms per ml after 4 and 8 h of incubation with the drug(s). Nine Amp-susceptible (Amp(s)) and five Amp-resistant (Amp(r)) systemic isolates were examined. Antibiotic concentrations included: the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Amp, 50% of the MIC of Amp, 25% of the MIC of Amp, the MIC of Cm, 50% of the MIC of Cm, 25% of the MIC of Cm, and nine combinations of these concentrations. Both Amp and Cm at their MIC significantly reduced bacterial titers of Amp(s)H. influenzae type b after 8 h of incubation (1.36 and 1.47 log(10) CFU/ml, respectively; both p < 0.01); only Cm at its MIC significantly reduced the number of viable organisms after 4 h (0.91 log(10) CFU/ml; P < 0.001). With Amp(r) organisms, significant reductions in mean bacterial titers occurred after 4 and 8 h of incubation in the presence of Amp at its MIC (1.66 and 2.06 log(10) CFU/ml, respectively; both P < 0.02); smaller but significant reductions were noted after 4 and 8 with Cm at its MIC (0.56 and 0.87 log(20) CFU/ml, respectively; both P < 0.025). Antagonism with Amp(s) or Amp(r) strains was not seen. We conclude that combinations of Amp and Cm have indifferent effects on Amp(s) and Amp(r)H. influenzae type b.
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PMID:Effect of ampicillin and chloramphenicol alone and in combination on ampicillin-susceptible and -resistant Haemophilus influenzae type B. 31 52

Three hundred and five strains of Haemophilus (129 H. influenzae, 55 H. parainfluenzae, 97 H. parahaemolyticus, 5 H. haemolyticus, 10 H. paraphrophilus and 9 H. paraphrohaemolyticus) isolated from pathological material over the year 1976, were systematically tested for beta-lactamase production. Only 2 strains of H. parainfluenzae produced this enzyme. Both were able to transfer ampicillin resistance to Escherichia coli K12. All strains but the two beta-lactamase producers were susceptible to penicillin G, ampicillin and cephalotin. However, the correct interpretation of the susceptibility tests needed the microscopic observation of prints of the inhibition zones surrounding the disks: all sensitive strains presented a hazy growth around the disks which corresponded to the presence of spheroplasts; this phenomenon was not observed with the 2 beta-lactamase producing strains of H. parainfluenzae which grew up to the disks but presented a typical bacillary form.
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PMID:[Ampicillin-resistant "Haemophilus": their detection and occurrence in Brussels area (author's transl)]. 31 52

The results of this investigation showed that the Autobac could be used to determine the susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline when eugonic broth was supplemented with 1.5% Fildes enrichment. An excellent correlation was obtained between the susceptibilities as determined by the agar dilution minimal inhibitory concentration method and the Autobac. For ampicillin all H. influenzae isolates with minimal inhibitory concentrations of </=1 mug/ml had light scattering indexes of >/=0.60. Those isolates with minimal inhibitory concentrations of >/=4 mug/ml had light scattering indexes of </=0.49. For chloramphenicol and tetracycline all isolates had minimal inhibitory concentrations of </=1 mug/ml and light scattering indexes of >/=0.71.
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PMID:Effects of Fildes enrichment on antibiotic susceptibility testing of Haemophilus influenzae in the Autobac. 31 72

Ampicillin remains the preferred drug for most cases of bacterial meningitis, including those due to Haemophilus influenzae type b. A prospective study was performed comparing high (400 mg/kg per day)- and low (150 mg/kg per day)-dosage regimens of ampicillin in the treatment of 172 patients with bacterial meningitis. Response to both regimens was equivalent in terms of average hospital stay, duration of ampicillin therapy, microbiological response, and death and residua. Patients with H. influenzae infections treated with low-dosage regimens had slightly prolonged febrile courses. This study suggests that high-dosage regimens of ampicillin offer no benefit over low-dosage regimens in the treatment of bacterial meningitis.
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PMID:Ampicillin dosage in bacterial meningitis with special reference to Haemophilus influenzae. 31 77

Children not initially admitted to the hospital accounted for 42 of 94 episodes of bacteremia due to Haemophilus influenzae. Antibiotics were prescribed for 22 of the 42 children who were initially sent home; at second visit, 17 were improved, including all 13 with pneumonia. No antibiotics were prescribed for 20 children; at second visit, 15 had persistent fever or new focal infection and five had resolution of symptoms. New diagnoses of focal infection were made at second visit in three of the 22 treated and in 11 of the 20 untreated children, including three who had a new diagnosis of meningitis (one treated with antibiotics initially; two not treated). Cultures of blood positive for H. influenzae were obtained at second visit in ten children who were not treated initially; no child who was treated initially had a second positive culture. These findings indicate that although young children with bacteremia due to H. influenzae may be mildly ill at first visit, many are at risk for development of serious focal infection, including meningitis.
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PMID:Unsuspected bacteremia due to Haemophilus influenzae: outcome in children not initially admitted to hospital. 31 72

Bactericidal activity of three antibiotics, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and gentamicin, alone or in combinations, was determined against susceptible and resistant strains of Haemophilus influenzae. The various antibiotic combinations were studied for the determination of a synergistic or antagonistic effect. The study was done by the checkerboard method. A percentage of survivors inferior or equal to 0.01% of the inoculum represents the bactericidal activity. Ampicillin and chloramphenicol are bactericidal antibiotics against H. influenzae at concentrations of 1 microgram/ml and 4 microgram/ml, respectively. The combination of ampicillin and gentamicin exhibited a synergistic effect against strains sensitive and resistant to ampicillin. The combination of chloramphenicol and gentamicin was synergistic against all strains. Ampicillin and chloramphenicol, when combined, were antagonistic against two strains using a bacteriostatic concentration of chloramphenicol; and against the remaining strains the effects of the combination were indifferent.
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PMID:[Bactericidal activity of ampicillin, chloramphenicol and gentamicin, alone or in combinations against susceptible and resistant "Haemophilus influenzae" (author's transl)]. 31 46

Ceforanide (BL-S 786) is a new long-acting parenteral cephalosporin which has the major pharmacologic advantage of requiring only twice a day dosage. We treated 28 adult patients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia using doses of 500 or 1000 mg every 12 hours. Twenty-four of 28 infections were due to Streptococcus pneumoniae and/or Hemophilus influenzae, and all pathogens were susceptible in vitro to both cephalothin and ceforanide. Patients were treated for a mean of 7.5 days, and all showed a good clinical and radiographic response with no mortality. Of the 13 patients with H. influenzae, the organism could still be recovered during therapy in 9/12 and post therapy in 3/8. One clinical superinfection (sepsis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa) occurred during therapy. Side effects with therapy included thrombocytosis (15), asymptomatic eosinophilia (5), and mild elevation of the serum transaminases (3). These studies suggest that ceforanide is a safe and effective agent for the treatment of adult patients with bacterial pneumonia due to S. pneumoniae; further experience in therapy of H. influenzae is needed because of frequent failure of ceforanide to eradicate this organism from the sputum.
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PMID:Ceforanide (BL-S786) in the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. 31 29

The biochemical characteristics of 464 strains of Haemophilus influenzae and 83 strains of Haemophilus parainfluenzae isolated over an 18-month period are described. Of 22 characteristics obtained, only 6 were necessary to biochemically identify and biotype the isolates. The key substrates or tests were urease, ornithine, indole, o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, sucrose, and xylose. Five biotypes of H. influenzae and four of H. parainfluenzae were commonly recognized. Some strains were encountered which could not be accommodated in the recognized taxa but which constituted separate biotypes of the two species, H. influenzae biotype I was recovered principally from blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and upper respiratory secretion, and biotypes II and III were recovered from eye and sputum cultures. Biotype I was recovered primarily from children less than 1 year of age, whereas biotypes II and III were from persons 1 to 5 years old and from those over 20 years of age. Multiple isolates recovered from the same patient were almost always of the same biotype. Strains of H. parainfluenzae were isolated primarily from sputum, with others being isolated from body sources such as dental abscesses, gastric aspirates, and peritoneal fluid. An inverse relationship was noticed between hemolysis and mannose fermentation among H. parainfluenzae biotype III strains, whereas the relationship was absent among the other biotypes.
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PMID:Biotypes of Haemophilus encountered in clinical laboratories. 31 64

Haemophilus influenzae strains resistant to ampicillin have become an important cause of disease in pediatric patients. Because many adults with chronic bronchitis carry Haemophilus organisms in their tracheobronchial tree and because antimicrobial agents are used commonly in these patients, we assessed the prevalence of resistance to ampicillin and other antimicrobial agents in this population. We studied 150 Haemophilus isolates (73 H. influenzae, 69 H. parainfluenzae, 6 H. parahemolyticus, and 2 H. hemolyticus) obtained from 138 patients with chronic bronchitis from January 1978 through March 1979. Ampicillin resistance due to production of beta-lactamase was found in 7 of the 150 isolates (4.7 %)-2 H. influenzae, 4 H. parainfluenzae and 1 H. parahemolyticus. Resistance to tetracycline was found in 9 strains (6 %), but all strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol.
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PMID:Antimicrobial resistance of Haemophilus species in patients with chronic bronchitis. 31 98


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