Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 4-month-old female infant with meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type f had a hospital course complicated by sterile subdural effusions and persistent neurologic abnormalities. One year later she was normal in all respects. The infant's mother had serum bactericidal antibodies to H. influenzae type b but not to type f. During recovery the patient had no bactericidal antibodies to type b, and the type f organism could not be maintained in her serum. Review of the literature identified 40 cases of meningitis reported as caused by H. influenzae other than type b. An evaluation of the ten cases described as due to encapsulated strains (a, e, and f) shows that the age distribution and clinical features are similar to those of meningitis caused by type b. Only five cases of meningitis caused by unencapsulated H. influenzae have been described. Four of the patients were older than the usual age range for type b meningitis and two had prior head trauma. A large clinical trial in Finland with a two-year observation period has demonstrated no untoward increase in non-b H. influenzae meningitis in recipients of a type b vaccine. Serious infections caused by other H. influenzae types will continue to occur sporadically and may increase in frequency when an effective vaccine against type b is widely used in infants.
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PMID:Meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae other than type b: case report and review. 31 May 38

Lipopolysaccharide from strains of Haemophilus influenzae was extracted and isolated by the hot phenol-water procedure. The preparations were relatively insoluble in water but could be solubilized with surface-active agents. The preparations contained carbohydrate (30%), fatty acid (29%), and phosphate (4.7%); protein content was less than 1%. Thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, and colorimetric assays detected glucose, galactose, glucosamine, heptose, and a 2-keto-3-deoxy-octonate-like molecule (less than 1%). Neither methylpentose nor dideoxyhexose was detected. The lipid portion was composed of fatty acids common to lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella. The preparations provoked positive dermal Shwartzman reactions and biphasic febrile responses in rabbits, responses typical of endotoxic activity. The 50% lethal dose for mice was decreased from 16.5 microgram/g to 0.015 microgram/g by concomitant administration of actinomycin D. The preparations were shown to be polyclonal activators of bone marrow-derived (B) cells. Limulus lysate gelation was seen with 8.0 ng of lipopolysaccharide. Preliminary hemagglutination data suggested at least three different antigenic factors associated with the lipopolysaccharide of H. influenzae type b. The H. influenzae lipopolysaccharide appeared biologically similar to that of enterobacteria but chemically different.
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PMID:Characterization of lipopolysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae. 31 Aug 55

Haemophilus influenzae is an aerobic pleomorphic gram-negative coccobacillus that requires both X and V factors for growth. It grows poorly, if at all, on ordinary blood agar unless streaked with Staph. aureus. It grows well on chocolate agar. Because this medium is often not used in culturing specimens from adults and because the organism may be overgrown by other bacteria, the frequency of H. influenzae infections has undoubtedly been seriously underestimated. This is aggravated by the failure of many physicians to obtain blood cultures in suspected bacterial infections and the failure of many laboratories to subculture them routinely onto chocolate agar. H. influenzae, along with Streptococcus pneumoniae, is a major factor in acute sinusitis. It is probably the most frequent etiologic agent of acute epiglottitis. It is probably a common, but commonly unrecognized, cause of bacterial pneumonia, where it has a distinctive appearance on Gram stain. It is unusual in adult meningitis, but should particularly be considered in alcoholics; in those with recent or remote head trauma, especially with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea; in patients with splenectomies and those with primary or secondary hypogammaglobulinemia. It may rarely cause a wide variety of other infections in adults, including purulent pericarditis, endocarditis, septic arthritis, obstetrical and gynecologic infections, urinary and biliary tract infections, and cellulitis. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing is somewhat capricious in part from the marked effect of inoculum size in some circumstances. In vitro and in vivo results support the use of ampicillin, unless the organism produces beta-lactamase. Alternatives in minor infections include tetracycline, erythromycin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. For serious infections chloramphenicol is the best choice if the organism is ampicillin-resistant or the patient is penicillin-allergic.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae infections in adults: report of nine cases and a review of the literature. 31 Sep 43

17 infants and children with pyogenic meningitis (14 Haemophilus influenzae, 2 Diplococcus pneumoniae, 1 Neisseria meningitidis) were treated with thiamphenicol, 100 mg/kg body weight/day in 4 doses i.v., as single drug. In the H. influenzae group 10 patients were cured, 4 had relapses of meningitis, 3 with documented subdural effusions. This group is compared with 14 children matched for age, initial leucocyte and CSF cell count treated with ampicillin: all of these were cured, 1 had a subdural effusion. Thiamphenicol concentrations were determined in the serum and CSF 2 h after administration. The mean serum levels were between 10-12 mcg/ml, the mean CSF levels varied from 5.4 mcg/ml at the beginning to 1-1.9 mcg/ml at the end of meningitis. The MIC of H. influenzae was 0.6-12 mcg/ml. A significant, acute, and dose related bone marrow toxicity of thiamphenicol could be documented, but was always rapidly fully reversible. We conclude that thiamphenicol cannot replace chloramphenicol in the treatment of pyogenic meningitis as single systemic antibiotic. Special indications for thiamphenicol in this disease are discussed.
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PMID:Thiamphenicol in treatment of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. 31 71

Haemophilus influenzae is an important agent of bacteremia and has fastidious growth requirements. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the ability of commercial blood culture media to support the growth of this fastidious microorganism. Twenty-three types of blood culture media were inoculated with individual suspensions of eight strains of H. influenzae in the presence or absence of an erythrocyte-serum mixture. The rates of recovery of the H. influenzae strains from the various types of blood culture media were compared. The results demonstrated that the type of medium, the manufacturer, the erythrocyte-serum mixture, and the strain of H. influenzae influenced the recovery rates of H. influenzae. Optimal recovery of the strains of H. influenzae was obtained from brain heart infustion blood culture medium (GIBCO). Trypic soy broth (GIBCO) and supplemental peptone of Becton, Dickinson and Co. also were found to be superior to the remaining types of media tested for the recovery of H. influenzae.
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PMID:Recovery of Haemophilus influenzae from twenty-three blood culture media. 31 78

The intranasal infection of infant rats with Haemophilus influenzae type b can be considerably enhanced by prior infection of the rats with influenza virus. When influenza virus A/England/939/69 was used to infect the animals a minimum of 10(4-0) EID50 was required to enhance H. influenzae infection; infection with 4 x 10(6) H. influenzae bacteria was needed to reveal this enhancement and infant rats two days old at the time of virus inoculation had to be used. By this method, nine strains of influenza virus were assessed for their ability to enhance H. influenzae infection, and the results were compared with their known virulence for man. The results showed a close correlation in this respect for all of the viruses, except strain A/PR/8/34. The replication of these viruses in infant-rat turbinates and lungs was also studied; virus concentrations in turbinate tissues 48 h after infection showed a close correlation with virulence for man. Thus, three influenza virus strains known to be virulent for man reached concentrations in infant-rat turbinates ranging from 10(4-8) to 10(5-7) EBID50/0-05 ml at 48 h; the concentrations of six viruses known to be attenuated or non-infectious for man grew less well in infant rat turbinates, and reached concentrations at 48 h of 10(1-0) to 10(3-5) EBID50/0-05 ml. The results are discussed in relation to the use of the infant-rat model for assessment of the attenuation of candidate live influenza virus vaccine strains.
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PMID:The infant rat as a model for assessment of the attenuation of human influenza viruses. 31 33

Somatic antigenic preparations from Haemophilus influenzae strains, types a-f, and from non-capsulated H. influenzae strains obtained from the oral cavity of healthy individuals were analysed with the double-diffusion technique by means of antisera against the capsulated strains. The somatic precipitinogenic pattern of each of these strains, consisting of 12--20 lines, was very similar. In addition, the somatic antigenic pattern of one H. parainfluenzae strain and one strain tentatively designated H. haemoglobinophilus were studied. Precipitinogens common to H. influenzae as wel as strain-specific precipitinogens were demonstrated in these strains. It is concluded that immunodiffusion analyses might be of value for taxonomic studies of the genus Haemophilus.
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PMID:A serological study of somatic antigens from Haemophilus influenzae and two related species. 31 67

Six soft tissue infections (three epiglottitis, one cellulitis, one pneumonia, and one arthritis) with ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae were treated initially with high doses of ampicillin (200 to 400 mg/kg/day intravenously) alone and had good clinical responses. All had documented bacteremia with H. influenzae. One child was treated only with ampicillin; treatment in the remainder was changed to oral therapy with other antibiotics to facilitate discharge. There was no recurrence of disease. Disc diffusion studies done on clinical isolates of both resistant and sensitive organisms indicate a break point at which the resistant organism shows progressive sensitivity to increasingly higher concentrations of ampicillin.
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PMID:Treatment of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae in soft tissue infections with high doses of ampicillin. 31 30

To determine the risk of severe Haemophilus influenzae illness among household contacts of patients with H. influenzae meningitis, we studied prospective data obtained in 19 states from January 1, 1977, to June 30, 1978. H. influenzae meningitis was reported in 1403 patients, and 1147 (82 per cent) of the exposed families were investigated for the occurrence of H. influenzae disease within 30 days after its onset in the index patient. During this interval, nine of 1687 household contacts (0.5 per cent) under the age of six years had systemic disease confirmed to be caused by H. influenzae Type b. The risk in children less than one year of age was 6 per cent, and the risk in those less than four years of age was 2.1 per cent. None of 2624 contacts above the age of five was affected. In the 30 days after onset of meningitis, the risk of this infection alone, aside from other types of serious H. influenzae disease, is 585 times greater in household contacts than the age-adjusted risk in the general population. The risk of H. influenzae disease in household contacts under six years of age is similar to the risk of secondary meningococcal disease in all household contacts--indicating a need for effective antimicrobial prophylaxis.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. A national study of secondary spread in household contacts. 31 3

193 Haemophilus cultures, including 71 nontypable H. influenzae isolates, were examined with respect to phage HP1 sensitivity, lysogeny for this and for other phages and for excretion of bacteriocins. Fifty of the 71 nontypable cultures were sensitive to phage HP1 but only three produced plaques. The other 47 isolates were thus probably not non-encapsulated derivatives of H. influenzae serotypes a, b, d, and e, which have discrete and characteristic phage HP1 restriction and modification systems, or serotype c which appears to be restriction negative. They could be derivatives of serotype f which does not give plaques with phage HP1. The nontypable three cultures that plated phage HP1 efficiently could be non-encapsulated serotype c derivatives. Fourteen of the phage HP1 insentitive non-typable cultures were found to be defectively lysogenic for this phage. Five of these were genetically transformed to wild type lysogens. Their phage produced plaques efficiently only on Rc strains and on a restriction-negative mutant of serotype d. These lysogenic nontypable isolates are thus modification (and restriction) negative and they are thus probably not nonencapsulated derivatives of serotypes a, b, d, e, or f. Fifty three of 56 serotype b cultures were found to excrete a bacteriocin, to which all other nonproducing Haemophilus cultures were more or less sensitive. The three restriction-negative nontypable H. influenzae cultures also excreted this bacteriocin but the other cultures listed did not do this. The tentative conclusion from this study is that nontypable H. influenzae isolates are probably not derivatives of the six known encapsulated strains.
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PMID:On the nature of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae. 31 83


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