Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae type B have been reported only during the past year. Five clinical isolates from the U.S. and Germany all had the TEM-type beta-lactamase which is known to be transferred widely among other gram-negative bacilli. Unlike those bacilli, however, the H. influenzae cell had very little barrier to entry of penicillins. This greater permeability of the H. influenzae cell to penicillins appeared to reduce the protective effect of its beta-lactamase, in that acquisition of the TEM-type beta-lactamase increased levels of resistance to penicillins much less for individual cells of H. influenzae than for those of Escherichia coli. Large inocula of either species appeared highly resistant. The unusually low level of resistance of individual cells of H. influenzae containing the TEM-type beta-lactamase may have delayed their emergence or recognition, and has unresolved clinical implications.
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PMID:Ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae type B possessing a TEM-type beta-lactamase but little permeability barrier to ampicillin. 4 83

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) would facilitate the rapid, etiological diagnosis of bacterial meningitis when used in parallel with other routine methods in a medical bacteriological laboratory. Of 3,674 consecutive specimens of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) received at the Department of Diagnostic Bacteriology, Statens Seruminstitu, 283 specimens (each representing one patient) were selected for examination by CIE on the basis of the following criteria: bacteria or pleocytosis or both by microscopy or positive culture or both. CIE was performed with antisera to Neisseria meningitidis (groups A, B and C), Streptococcus pneumoniae (omni-serum and pools A to 1), and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Antigen was detected in 57% (72/126) of specimens in which cultures revealed these three kinds of microorganisms in CSF and in 12% (17/139) of the culture-negative specimens. CSF specimens from 21 patients with bacterial meningitis caused by other species were all negative in CIE, except four, three of which contained Escherichia coli antigen reacting with antiserum to N. meningitidis group B and one E. coli antigen reacting with antiserum to H. influenzae type b. Specific diagnosis was achieved in 60% (170/283) of the specimens studied and could be extablished within 1 h in 85% (145/170) by the combined results of microscopy and CIE. Ten specimens, nine of which showed a reaction with antiserum to N. meningitidis group A, were positive by CIE only.
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PMID:Counterimmunoelectrophoresis in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. 6 24

A patient is presented with Whipple's disease. Before treatment, Haemophilus influenzae type e, sensitive to tetracycline was cultured from multiple small intestinal biopsies. This isolated micro-organism was structurally similar to the one observed in the tissue. All further culture experiments during and after treatment proved negative except for one biopsy from which a tetracycline-resistant H. influenzae type-e mutant was isolated. The immunological disturbances, mainly characterized by cutaneous anergy, in absence of major humoral or in vitro lymphocytic impairment, regressed during treatment together with clinical remission of the disease. These findings are considered in favour of the secondary nature of the immunological abnormalities.
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PMID:Etiopathogenetic studies in a patient with Whipple's disease. 6 79

Three antigenic preparations were obtained from a non-capsulated strain of Haemophilus influenzae by ultrasonic disintegration, hot phenol extraction and from a fluid culture. They were designated H. influenzae cytoplasmic antigen (H(1-5); H. influenzae cell wall antigen (HCW); and H. influenzae culture filtrate antigen (HCF). Studies showed that H(1-5) antigen contained heat stable and heat labile components. The heat stable fraction stained positively for polysaccharide, had a positive limulus lysate test and there was immunological cross-reactivity between this and heat stable fractions of HCW and HCF. Limulus lysate assay indicated the presence of endotoxin in HCW and HCF preparations. Heat stable as well as heat labile antigens of H. influenzae should be given consideration in future studies regarding the pathogenicity of this organism in the lower respiratory tree. The specificity of the heat stable antigen of H. influenzae needs to be determined.
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PMID:Antigens of Haemophilus influenzae. 6 39

Escherichia coli K100 produces an antigenic determinant similar to, or identical with, the capsular antigen of Haemophilus influenzae type b. Studies of the effects of heat on the immunogenicity, erythrocyte-modifying capacity, and antigenicity of this cross-reacting antigen (CRA) revealed the following findings. Immunization of rabbits with viable or formaldehyde-killed suspensions of E. coli K100, producing CRA, engendered CRA antibodies in significant titers, as demonstrated by hemagglutination of erythrocytes modified by H. influenzae type b antigen. Heating of the suspensions for 1 h at 56 or 100 degrees C destroyed the immunogenicity of CRA, and the heated suspensions did not prime for a secondary antibody response. Supernatants of heated suspensions also were non-immunogenic. Repeated freezing and thawing of heated suspensions of E. coli K100 or their supernatants did not restore immunogenicity. Heat also abolished the immunogenicity of H. influenzae type b. The loss of immunogenicity of CRA of E. coli K100 by heat was not due to alteration of the antigenic determinant, since heated suspensions and supernatants thereof modified erythrocytes for agglutination by H. influenzae type b antiserum. The latter supernatants also inhibited hemagglutination by H. influenzae type b antibodies and absorbed the latter. We conclude that striking differences exist in the effects of heat on CRA on the one hand and of enterobacterial common antigen and lipopolysaccharide O antigen of enteric bacteria on the other. Heating of the latter two antigens does not abolish their priming effect, and repeated freezing and thawing restores the immunogenicity of heated antigens.
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PMID:Effect of heat on antigenicity and immunogenicity of the antigenic determinant shared by Haemophilus influenzae type b and Escherichia coli K100. 7 Dec 69

The importance of nonencapsulated strains of Haemophilus influenzae and H. parainfluenzae in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (C.O.P.D.) has been investigated in 150 patients observed at two-month intervals from 1968 to 1975. H. influenzae was distinguished from H. parainfluenzae by demonstrating requirements for both X and V factors. H. influenzae was isolated more often from sputum cultures from patients with severe C.O.P.D. (13.8%) than from patients with mild disease (4.4%, P less than 0.01). In contrast, H. parainfluenzae was isolated with equal frequency from sputums of patients with mild (40%) or severe (43%) disease. H. influenzae was present in the sputum more often during exacerbations of acute respiratory illness (15.4%) than during sympton-free periods (9.6%, P less than 0.01), while isolation rates of H. parainfluenzae did not increase during periods of illness (35% versus 39%). Antigens specific for the H. influenzae species and for the H. parainfluenzae species were used in a complement-fixation test to detect antibody rises in sera collected from the patient population. Fourfold or greater rises in titre of antibodies to H. influenzae were detected on 76 occasions in 53 patients, and 46 of these rises were associated with acute respiratory illnesses. In contrast, no antibody rises were detected with the H. parainfluenzae antigen. These observations indicate that nonencapsulated strains of H. influenzae may have pathogenic potential in patients with C.O.P.D., whilst H. parainfluenzae should be considered as normal flora.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae and haemophilus parainfluenzae in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 7 90

In a Swedish nursery 11 of 15 children harboured non-encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae in their nasopharynx. Six children had ampicillin-resistant and beta-lactamase-producing isolates. Five of these children had otitis whereas one was healthy. In order to identify the origin of the H. influenzae isolates their O-antigen determinants were studied by an immunodiffusion technique. 18 different rabbit antisera were used. For each isolate an O-antigen pattern was recorded. Five of the 6 resistant isolates had the same O-antigen pattern, indicating that their origin was one strain. The 6th isolate was from another strain. Different isolates from the same strain were found to be either sensitive or resistant to ampicillin. In one child the H. influenzae lost its resistance during trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole treatment. It is concluded that an R-factor may have been involved in the distribution of ampicillin resistance in the H. influenzae studied. Previous in-vitro studies have shown that beta-lactamase production can be transmitted by a plasmid among H. influenzae strains.
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PMID:R-factor involvement in a local outbreak of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae infections. 7 36

Serum samples were collected from 20 healthy White and 33 Black infants before and after immunisation with three doses of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine and with one dose of Haemophilus influenzae type b polyribose phosphate vaccine and meningococcal group A and group C polysaccharide vaccines. Antibodies to these immunogens were measured and sera were allotyped for several Gm, A2m, and Km antigens. A highly significant association was found between the Km(1) allotype and the immune responses (difference between post-immunisation and pre-immunisation antibody levels) to H. influenzae and meningococcus C polysaccharides in the White children.
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PMID:Association between immunoglobulin allotypes and immune responses to Haemophilus influenzae and Meningococcus polysaccharides. 8 9

Forty-one different antigens were demonstrated in an antigen preparation obtained by sonication of a Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) type b strain, using crossed immunoelectrophoresis and antiserum obtained from rabbits. Antigens were characterized by absorption experiments with whole heat-killed bacteria, temperature resistance and protein and polysaccharide staining. Cross-reactions between H. influenzae type b and 19 other bacterial species were studied by various quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods, using the reference system. A non-capsulated H. influenzae cross-reacted extensively (41 antigens) with H. influenzae type b and Haemophilus parainfluenzae, and Haemophilus haemolyticus showed considerable cross-reactivity with H. influenzae type b (26 and 32 antigens respectively), while antigens from eight other bacterial species cross-reacted to varying degrees with one to five H. influenzae antigens.
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PMID:Cross-reactions between Haemophilus influenzae and nineteen other bacterial species. 9 35

The frequency of precipitating antibody to heat-labile (H(1--2) and heat-stable (HCW and HCF) antigens of Haemophilus influenzae was determined in patients with asthma, chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis and compared with that in a control group. This showed that the immune response of asthmatic patients to heat-stable antigens was different from that to the heat-labile antigens. Exposure to antigens of H. influenzae is common in all the disease groups. Skin test reactions having the time course and macroscopic appearance of Type I (immediate) and Type III (late) were obtained after prick and intracutaneous skin testing with HCW antigen in varying concentrations in a group of patients with asthma, chronic bronchitis or cystic fibrosis and in a control group. It is suggested that IgE and short-term sensitizing IgG antibodies may be responsible for the immediate reactions while activation of the alternative pathway of complement by endotoxin contained in HCW could be responsible for the late reactions. HCW antigens were shown to release histamine from non-sensitized human leucocytes; HCW and HCF antigens were shown to release histamine from non-sensitized human lung. None of the antigens tested had an effect on beta-receptors in tracheal preparations. It is proposed that these reactions may contribute to the pathogenicity of H. influenzae in the lower respiratory tract.
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PMID:In vivo and in vitro reactions to antigens of Haemophilus influenzae in bronchial obstruction. 9 81


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