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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Azithromycin and erythromycin disk test results were compared to MIC values obtained in six different media. One hundred isolates were tested in triplicate, and geometric mean MICs were plotted against arithmetic mean zone diameters and regression statistics calculated. The test media evaluated did not markedly influence MIC values, but incubation in 5-7% CO2 resulted in a two- to four-fold decrease in the activity of both drugs. For testing Haemophilus influenzae and other species that need to be tested in 5-7% CO2, interpretive breakpoints for the macrolides and azalides should be modified to compensate for the anticipated decrease in activity.
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PMID:Influence of the test medium on azithromycin and erythromycin regression statistics. 166 29

Sparfloxacin (AT-4140, CI-978, PD 131501) was tested against over 800 recent bacteremic strains and compared with ciprofloxacin and six other fluoroquinolones. The 90% minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90) ranges for the Enterobacteriaceae species were (a) sparfloxacin, 0.03-1 microgram/ml and (b) ciprofloxacin, 0.015-0.25 microgram/ml. Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae were very susceptible to sparfloxacin (MIC90s, 0.004- less than or equal to 0.03 microgram/ml) and the other comparison drugs. Staphylococcus aureas and other staphylococci were generally susceptible to the tested fluoroquinolones but very susceptible to sparfloxacin and WIN 57273. All beta-hemolytic streptococci, enterococci, and pneumococci had sparfloxacin MICs of less than or equal to 1 microgram/ml. Sparfloxacin was quite active against anaerobic bacteria including Bacteroides fragilis gr. and Gram-positive strains (MIC90s, less than or equal to 2 micrograms/ml). The most resistant enteric bacilli were among Serratia marcescens and the Proteae, especially the Providencia spp. (two- to eightfold higher MICs). Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were also susceptible to sparfloxacin (MIC90, 2 micrograms/ml). Magnesium ions, CO2 incubation, and low pH had some adverse effect on sparfloxacin MICs, and resistance development was documented among current clinical isolates of staphylococci, pseudomonas, and some enteric species.
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PMID:In vitro antimicrobial activity of sparfloxacin (AT-4140, CI-978, PD 131501) compared with numerous other quinolone compounds. 190 15

The in-vitro activity of a new macrolide antibiotic CP-62,993 (Pfizer Ltd) was determined for 420 bacterial isolates, comprising 150 Haemophilus influenzae, 48 Branhamella catarrhalis, 50 Staphylococcus aureus, 50 coagulase negative staphylococci, 50 beta-haemolytic streptococci, 50 Streptococcus pneumoniae and 22 oral streptococci. CP-62,993 was compared with erythromycin and penicillin (ampicillin in the case of H. influenzae). The MICs of CP-62,993 were found to be lower than those of erythromycin for the two Gram-negative species tested: this was particularly marked in the case of H. influenzae where a ten-fold difference in the MIC50 was observed (CP-62,993, 0.25 mg/l, erythromycin 2 mg/l). In general MICs of CP-62,993 were two-fold higher than those of erythromycin for the Gram-positive species studied, with the exception of the oral streptococci which were equally susceptible (MIC50 0.03 mg/l) to both macrolides. Activity similar to that of erythromycin was observed against Str. pneumoniae (MIC values 0.015-0.12 mg/l), Staph. aureus (MIC 0.12-1 mg/l) and beta-haemolytic streptococci (MIC 0.06-4 mg/l). Incubation in a CO2 enriched atmosphere decreased activity of both erythromycin and CP-62,993. The effect was more marked for CP-62,993, the MIC50s of all groups of organisms being increased four-fold when they were incubated in the presence of 5 or 10% CO2.
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PMID:The in-vitro activity of CP-62,993 against Haemophilus influenzae, Branhamella catarrhalis, staphylococci and streptococci. 283 51

There is poor correlation between the MICs and zone sizes obtained for erythromycin against Haemophilus influenzae. The effect of two media, Mueller-Hinton medium supplemented with 3% lysed horse blood and 10 micrograms of NAD per ml (MHA + LYHB) and Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with 1% bovine hemoglobin and 1% IsoVitaleX (MHA + HGB), on the MICs and zone sizes of erythromycin against H. influenzae was determined. The effect of three different methods for inoculum preparation on the susceptibility of H. influenzae was also determined. The MICs were independent of the method of inoculum preparation, but the zone sizes were smaller if the inoculum was carefully adjusted to contain approximately 10(8) CFU/ml. MICs were higher and zone sizes were smaller when MHA + HGB was used instead of MHA + LYHB. Good correlation was found when MHA + LYHB was used for determining the MIC and MHA + HGB was used for determining susceptibility by the disk method. When the inoculum was adjusted to match a McFarland 0.5 standard, the viable counts had to be approximately 10(8) CFU/ml for good correlation between MICs and zone sizes. A-56268, a new macrolide antibiotic, was tested against H. influenzae, and its MICs and tentative breakpoints against this organism were determined. The MICs obtained by various methods were correlated with in vivo efficacy by using a mouse septicemia model. MICs obtained on MHA + HGB or MHA + LYHB incubated without a 5% CO2 atmosphere showed the best correlation with in vivo efficacy.
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PMID:Susceptibility testing of macrolide antibiotics against Haemophilus influenzae and correlation of in vitro results with in vivo efficacy in a mouse septicemia model. 295 54

Four separate laboratories performed antimicrobial susceptibility tests with 40 Haemophilus influenzae isolates, each tested in triplicate. Erythromycin and a new macrolide, clarithromycin (A-56268; TE-031), were tested by the disk diffusion method, by the agar dilution procedure in two different media, and by broth microdilution tests in four different media. Erythromycin MICs for 90% of the strains were 16 micrograms/ml in Mueller-Hinton broth with 3% lysed horse blood and NAD, 4.0 micrograms/ml in hemophilus test medium, and 2.0 micrograms/ml in supplemented Schaedler broth or in the fastidious broth medium from Beckman Instruments, Inc. Clarithromycin MICs were generally 1 doubling dilution greater than erythromycin MICs in each of the media. Erythromycin disk tests corresponded best with MICs determined in the fastidious broth medium. In that same medium, clarithromycin MICs were about 1 doubling dilution greater than what would be expected from the results of disk tests. Because there were fewer growth failures, hemophilus test medium is recommended for microdilution tests with H. influenzae. Incubation of all tests for a full 24 h without an increased CO2 atmosphere was needed to achieve maximal precision of the tests. Interlaboratory and intralaboratory reproducibility of all tests was satisfactory.
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PMID:Variability of clarithromycin and erythromycin susceptibility tests with Haemophilus influenzae in four different broth media and correlation with the standard disk diffusion test. 297 73

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is equated with chronic bronchitis and emphysema as one disease entity. In COPD airflow limitation is relatively persistent--unlike asthma. Tests for "small-airways disease" form no part of routine practice, for their accuracy in detecting pathological change is debatable. The proteolytic theory of the pathogenesis of emphysema highlights the role of neutrophil elastase, antielastases, oxidants, antioxidants, and thus of potential new treatments. Clinical features of COPD include breathlessness, cough, and sputum, with airflow obstruction and lung hyperinflation. The differential diagnosis includes bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, and pulmonary hypertension, but pulmonary fibrosis, etc., is distinguished by radiological infiltrates. Plain chest radiography cannot reliably diagnose emphysema in life, but a new method measuring lung density from the computed tomographic (CT) scan allows location, quantitation, and diagnosis of emphysema (defined by enlargement of distal air spaces) in humans in life. "Pink puffers" with breathlessness, hyperinflation, mild hypoxemia, and a low PCO2 are contrasted with "blue bloaters" with hypoxemia, secondary polycythemia, CO2 retention, and pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale. Antismoking measures are a major aim in management. A bronchodilator regimen combining a slow-release oral theophylline with an inhaled beta 2-agonist, ipratropium, and high-dose inhaled steroids is proposed because even modest improvement in obstruction can help these patients. In acute exacerbations with purulent sputum, antimicrobials against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae are used with controlled oxygen therapy aiming to keep the arterial PO2 over 50 mm Hg without the pH falling below 7.25. Influenza prophylaxis is recommended, but pneumococcal vaccination remains debatable. Chronic under-nutrition in "emphysema" implies controlled trials of feeding regimens--but these remain to be assessed. Long-term oxygen therapy is the only treatment known to prolong life in blue bloaters, and oxygen concentrators and transtracheal oxygen delivery are discussed. Pulmonary vasodilators (e.g., beta 2-agonists, hydralazine, nifedipine, angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitors, etc.) have not yet been proved to provide long-term reduction in pulmonary arterial pressure. Blue bloaters have severe nocturnal hypoxemia in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep that is corrected by oxygen or the investigational drug almitrine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 304 40

The in vitro activity of erythromycin against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Haemophilus influenzae was examined by agar dilution and agar diffusion methods. The plates were incubated in air alone or in 8% CO2 and air. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) measured in air alone were lower for most of the isolates, compared to those found in 8% CO2. The greatest differences in MIC values were found for H. influenzae; the MIC 50% was 0.5 mg/l in air and 4 mg/l in 8% CO2. Sensitivity testing by the agar diffusion method (ICS) showed considerable differences between results obtained in air and in 8% CO2; the inhibition zones were generally smaller in CO2. The most marked reduction in zone sizes after incubation in 8% CO2 was seen with the H. influenzae isolates; 15 out of 43 isolates moved from the "sensitive" to "moderately sensitive" group. Sensitivity determination of aerobic bacteria for erythromycin should be performed in air alone in the routine laboratory.
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PMID:Effects of carbon dioxide upon the in vitro activity of erythromycin. 309 Aug 58

In a patient with frequent symptoms of urinary tract infection during the past 5 years and steadily deteriorating renal function, standard urine cultures were mostly negative. Following microscopy of freshly voided, gram-stained urine, culture on haematin agar plates incubated in 10% CO2 resulted in isolation of Haemophilus influenzae. Augmented culture procedures may identify the cause of symptoms in similar cases.
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PMID:Urinary tract infection caused by Haemophilus influenzae. A case report. 326 Mar 99

Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) actinomycetemcomitans is a facultatively anaerobic, gram-negative coccobacillus which is a possible etiological agent in juvenile periodontitis (JP). In this study, bacterial flora, especially the occurrence of A. actinomycetemcomitans, in the periodontal pockets of one juvenile with gingivitis (G), one JP patients, five rapidly progressive periodontitis (RP) patients and one adult periodontitis(AP) patient, and one adult with healthy periodontium was investigated using a blood agar medium and a selective medium for A. actinomycetemcomitans. Eight hundred and sixty-five bacteria were isolated from the periodontal pockets, examined for their gram-stain, cell morphologies, relations to O2 and CO2 and catalase reaction, and divided into 21 groups on the basis of these characters. Among the isolates, 604 isolates were further characterized biochemically and identified. A. actinomycetemcomitans was found as 0.2% of the flora of a site in the JP patient, as 9% of the flora of a site in the G patient, and as 19% and 1%, respectively, of the flora of a site in the two RP patients. However, the organism was not detected in another lesion site of the JP patient. In our JP and RP patients, Fusobacterium, Wolinella, Streptococcus, and obligately anaerobic, gram-positive cocci were frequently found at high levels. The bacterial flora of the G and AP patients were more heterogeneous and included Bacteroides at relatively high proportions. These results indicate that A. actinomycetemcomitans is not always associated with JP but occurred in some patients with RP and G.
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PMID:Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) actinomycetemcomitans in periodontal disease. 377 88

Bacteriology was performed on 57 specimens collected by the Wimberley protected catheter bronchoscopy technique (PCB) from 42 ventilated patients with severe head trauma hospitalized in the neurosurgical intensive care unit to determine the etiology of their pneumopathy. All patients had a nasotracheal tube upon arrival at the intensive care unit. For each sample, smears were examined and cultures under aerobic and anaerobic conditions as well as with CO2 were performed. In 34 (59%) of the 57 cases, examination of smears allowed rapid diagnosis and appropriate chemotherapy. In 47 (82%) cases, culture was positive, with a single pathogen being recovered in half of cases. The most prevalent organisms among the 75 species isolated were S. aureus (38%), P. aeruginosa (15%), Klebsiella (12%), Haemophilus (8%), and Pneumococcus (9%). Consistency with positive cultures of blood or pleural effusion samples was recorded in 92% of cases. Narrow spectrum antibiotic therapy can be chosen according to the results of PCB bacteriology and rapid automated antibiotic sensitivity testing obtained within 24 hours. PCB is therefore recommended in pulmonary infections in intensive care units.
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PMID:[Antibiotic therapy of pneumopathies in intensive care and protected distal bronchial samples]. 392 19


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