Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The in vitro activities of two new cephalosporins, an oral agent, cefprozil and a parenteral compound, cefepime, were assessed against recent clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, and Haemophilus influenzae. In general, both cefprozil and cefepime MICs were higher for beta-lactamase-producing strains of M. catarrhalis in comparison to strains that lacked beta-lactamase. By contrast, beta-lactamase-positive and -negative strains of H. influenzae had similar cefprozil and cefepime minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). The MIC90 values for cefprozil were 0.12, 32, 4.0, and 0.5 micrograms/ml versus S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and beta-lactamase-positive and negative strains of M. catarrhalis, respectively. In comparison to three other oral cephalosporins included in this study, cefaclor, cefuroxime axetil, and cefixime, cefprozil was the most active agent against S. pneumoniae, the least active against B. catarrhalis, and equivalent in activity to cefaclor against H. influenzae. The cefepime MIC values against S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and beta-lactamase-positive and negative strains of M. catarrhalis were 0.03, 0.25, 2.0, and 0.5 micrograms/ml, respectively. Cefepime was less active than ceftriaxone for all three organism groups, however, was in all cases more active than cefixime, cefuroxime, cefaclor, and cefprozil.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:In vitro activity of cefprozil (BMY 28100) and cefepime (BMY 28142) against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Branhamella catarrhalis, and Haemophilus influenzae, and provisional interpretive criteria for disk diffusion and dilution susceptibility tests with Haemophilus influenzae. 142 21

The therapeutic perspectives of flomoxef, SCE 2787, cefpirome, cefepime, latamoxef, cefotaxime and of piperacillin plus tazobactam were comparatively evaluated by their in vitro activity against 1119 clinical isolates of 83 bacterial species. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. Enterobacter sakazakii, Proteus spp. and Shigella spp. were about equally susceptible to the cephalosporins (MIC90: 0.06 to 0.5 mg/l), while the MIC90 for piperacillin plus tazobactam was between 2 and 16 mg/l. Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes and Serratia spp. were most susceptible to SCE 2787, cefpirome and cefepime (MIC90: 0.06 to 2 mg/l) followed by latamoxef, cefotaxime, flomoxef and piperacillin plus tazobactam. For Citrobacter spp., Providencia spp. and Yersinia enterocolitica MIC90 were between 0.06 and 0.5 mg/l. Flomoxef was between 2 to 4 log2 less active against these species but more active than piperacillin plus tazobactam (MIC90: 2 and 8 mg/l). Morganella morganii and Hafnia alvei were most susceptible to cefepime, cefpirome and latamoxef (MIC90: 0.13 to 0.5 mg/l) while cefotaxime (MIC90: 8 mg/l) and piperacillin plus tazobactam (MIC90: 8 and greater than 64 mg/l) were the least active compounds. SCE 2787, cefepime and cefpirome were the most potent beta-lactams against the majority of the 13 species of non-fermentative bacilli (NFB) investigated (MIC90: 0.5 to 16 mg/l). The oxacephems were the least active compounds against NFB. Cefepime was the most active of the compounds included against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC90: 16 mg/l). Haemophilus spp., Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Bordetella pertussis were most susceptible to cefotaxime (MIC90: 0.03 to 0.06 mg/l). Latamoxef had the lowest activity of all compounds against gram-positive cocci. Flomoxef was the most active compound against penicillinase producing Staphylococcus aureus and about equally active as the other betalactams against methicillin susceptible staphylococci of other staphylococcal species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:In vitro activity and stability against novel beta-lactamases of investigational beta-lactams (cefepime, cefpirome, flomoxef, SCE2787 and piperacillin plus tazobactam) in comparison with established compounds (cefotaxime, latamoxef and piperacillin). 166 18

Cefepime is a new cephalosporin with a broad antimicrobial spectrum that includes Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To study the efficacy and safety of cefepime for treatment of pneumonia, 65 patients were randomized to therapy with either cefepime or ceftazidime at a two to one ratio. Of the 57 evaluable patients, 89% of the cefepime patients and 84% of the ceftazidime patients were cured clinically or improved. Haemophilus spp., Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria spp. were common pathogens. Bacteriological cure was achieved in 31 (91%) of cefepime patients and 17 (100%) ceftazidime patients. Adverse clinical and laboratory reactions possibly due to study drug occurred in 9 (21%) cefepime patients and in 1 (5%) ceftazidime patient. Most reactions were mild and resolved with discontinuation of study drug. In this study, cefepime appeared as effective as ceftazidime for the treatment of pneumonia.
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PMID:A randomized trial of cefepime (BMY-28142) and ceftazidime for the treatment of pneumonia. 176 51

Cefepime (BMY 28142) was compared with ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and moxalactam for efficacy in treating experimental meningitis in mice and neonatal rats. Mice were infected intracranially with Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and treated intramuscularly. Five- to eight-day-old neonatal rats were injected intracisternally with Haemophilus influenzae, S. pneumoniae, and S. agalactiae and treated intraperitoneally. Cefepime was found to be the most active compound against induced meningitis in mice infected with S. agalactiae. Cefepime was as active as cefotaxime against Staphylococcus aureus meningitis, slightly more active than cefotaxime against S. pneumoniae and E. coli, and as active as ceftazidime against K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa meningitis. Cefepime was found to be the most active compound against S. pneumoniae and S. agalactiae meningitis in neonatal rats. Against H. influenzae, cefepime was as active as moxalactam and cefotaxime. Ceftazidime was the least active compound. The pharmacokinetics of cefepime in neonatal rats were similar to those of ceftazidime. Both compounds penetrated well into cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissues of uninfected neonatal rats. Relative concentrations were twice as high as those of cefotaxime and moxalactam.
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PMID:Therapeutic studies of cefepime (BMY 28142) in murine meningitis and pharmacokinetics in neonatal rats. 236 Aug 14

Cefepime, an aminothiazolyl cephalosporin active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, was used at a dose of 1 g every 12 hours to treat respiratory and other infections in 29 patients. All 19 patients from whom an organism was cultured responded clinically and microbiologically. The patients had underlying risk factors of human immune virus positive status, 58%, and chronic lung disease, 19%. Cefepime was well tolerated. Organisms eradicated included Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Further study will define cefepime's role in hospital-acquired respiratory infection.
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PMID:The use of cefepime (BMY 28142) to treat respiratory infections. 279 88

Cefepime is a new parenterally active fourth-generation cephalosporin which is undergoing in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Using the standard agar dilution method we compared the in vitro activity of this drug with other cephalosporins and ciprofloxacin against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli (98 strains), Klebsiella pneumoniae (99 strains), Acinetobacter spp. (24 strains), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (98 strains), Haemophilus influenzae (108 strains), Staphylococcus aureus (100 strains), Enterococcus spp. (45 strains), Streptococcus pneumoniae (10 strains), Streptococcus pyogenes (group A; 19 strains) and Streptococcus agalactiae (group B; 36 strains). Cefepime showed excellent activity against E. coli and K. pneumoniae, inhibiting 90% of these isolates at 0.12 mg/l. The in vitro activity of cefepime was superior to or comparable to the third-generation cephalosporins tested but was inferior to ciprofloxacin against Acinetobacter spp. and P. aeruginosa. Against H. influenzae, whether or not the strains produced beta-lactamase, its activity was similar to comparable drugs. All 84 isolates of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus were inhibited by 8 mg/l of cefepime whereas, like other cephalosporins, it had little activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Of the 45 enterococci isolates tested, 44.4% were inhibited by 8 mg/l of cefepime. Against streptococci, its activity was superior to any drug tested. This in vitro study indicates that cefepime has the potential to be a valuable agent for the treatment of community- and hospital-acquired cutaneous, respiratory and urinary tract infections.
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PMID:Antibacterial activity of cefepime in vitro. 784 21

Since infection develops in significant numbers of hospitalized patients, the problem of resistance to third-generation cephalosporins is of increasing concern. We evaluated the efficacy of cefepime 1 g bd as treatment for acute, moderately severe bacterial infection in 239 hospitalized patients (mean age 60 years). Of these patients, 204 were evaluated clinically for urinary tract infection (UTI) (n = 90), lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) (n = 70), skin and soft tissue infection (S/STI) (n = 12) and bacteraemia which was associated with either UTI or LRTI (n = 32) but not included in the previously mentioned UTI and LRTI groups. Amongst the pathogens isolated (36 Gram-positive, 150 Gram-negative), the most predominant species were Escherichia coli in UTI and bacteraemia (n = 81), Streptococcus pneumoniae in LRTI and bacteraemia (n = 23), Haemophilus influenzae in LRTI (n = 16), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 4) and Enterobacter cloacae (n = 2) in S/STI. The mean duration of treatment was 8.5 days and was the same for the 204 clinically evaluable patients. Overall, the clinical cure rate for cefepime was 94% (191/204). Pathogen eradication was achieved in 93% (185/199) of infections. Of the patients with associated bacteraemia, the clinical cure rate was 97% (31/32) and 94% (16/17) of the pathogens were eradicated. Cefepime therapy was well-tolerated. Treatment was discontinued in eight patients (3%) because of local intolerance and in five patients (2%) because of drug-related adverse events (rash, headache and pruritus). Cefepime 1 g bd is as safe and effective as other parenteral cephalosporins for the treatment of acute bacterial UTI, LRTI and S/STI, including those cases with associated bacteraemia. The bd dosing schedule and reported lack of cross-resistance with other cephalosporins against some species of aerobic Gram-negative bacilli make cefepime an attractive treatment option in hospitalized patients.
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PMID:Low-dosage cefepime as treatment for serious bacterial infections. 815 Jul 55

Cefepime, a novel, injectable alpha-methoxyimino aminothiazolyl cephalosporin, is active in vitro against many of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria which cause severe infections, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is more active than existing third-generation cephalosporins against multiply-resistant strains of Enterobacteriaceae because of its low affinity for beta-lactamases and its resistance to hydrolysis by these enzymes. Cefepime retains its high potency of activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci and streptococci other than enterococci. Seventy-four patients (46 male and 28 female) were treated with cefepime 2 g i.v. every 12 h; 61 patients were evaluable for efficacy (39 male and 22 female). The infections included pneumonia caused by Gram-negative bacilli (21 patients, six with bacteraemia), septicaemia (seven), pyelonephritis (two), osteomyelitis (23, mainly caused by S. aureus), septic arthritis (four) and soft tissue infections (four, one with bacteraemia). Responses were as follows: 52 (85.3%) patients cured; three (4.9%) improved and six (9.8%) failed. The failures included three patients with osteomyelitis, one with pyelonephritis and two with pneumonia. The pathogens and eradication rates were: S. aureus 23/24 (96%), Staphylococcus epidermidis 4/4, Streptococcus spp. 10/10 (100%), P. aeruginosa 11/14 (79%), Enterobacteriaceae 28/28 (100%), Haemophilus spp. 3/3 and others 7/7. Clinical adverse effects included diarrhoea in 11 patients (14.9%) nausea in five (6.8%) and pruritus in three (4.1%). Laboratory abnormalities included leucopenia in three patients (4.1%) and direct Coombs' conversion in 32 (43.2%). Patients were treated for an average of 31.8 days for osteomyelitis and 11.9 days for other infections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Cefepime as treatment for osteomyelitis and other severe bacterial infections. 815 Jul 58

Antibiotic treatment for community-acquired pneumonia must target Gram-positive pathogens, especially frequently isolated organisms such as Streptococcus pneumoniae. The severity of community-acquired pneumonia is often related to underlying factors. Occasionally it may be complicated by staphylococcal or Gram-negative bacillary infection. We have compared the safety and efficacy of cefepime 1 g bd with ceftazidime 1 g tds as empirical treatment in adults with community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). One hundred and thirty-one patients with moderate to severe LRTIs were randomized to two treatment groups: 87 received cefepime and 44 received ceftazidime. The treatment groups were comparable with regard to sex, age and treatment duration. Of the 116 pathogens isolated, 57 were Gram-positive (46 strains of S. pneumoniae) and 59 were Gram-negative (33 strains of Haemophilus influenzae). Of the 111 patients evaluated, clinical cure rates were 87% (65/75) in the cefepime group and 86% (31/36) in the ceftazidime group. Pathogen eradication rates were 95% (74/78 and 36/37, respectively) in both groups. Both drugs were well tolerated and the incidence of adverse events in each group was comparable. Cefepime 2 g per day (1 g bd) was as safe and effective as ceftazidime 3 g per day (1 g tds) in the treatment of community-acquired LRTIs.
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PMID:A comparative study of cefepime and ceftazidime in the treatment of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. 815 Jul 60

The antimicrobial activity of cefepime, a new broad-spectrum parenteral cephalosporin, was evaluated in vitro against 1757 recent clinical Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates. Cefepime was active at low concentrations (MIC50 values < or = 0.06 mg/L and MIC90 values < or = 0.12 mg/L) against non-cephalosporinase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp.). For Klebsiella pneumoniae, MICs were between 0.016 and 16 mg/L; the highest MIC values were observed for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing strains. Against Enterobacteriaceae, such as cephalosporinase producing Enterobacter cloacae, MICs were < or = 0.5 mg/L, but MICs against cephalosporinase hyperproducing strains were generally higher. Ticarcillin-sensitive strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were inhibited by cefepime concentrations of 0.5-16 mg/L, while cefepime MICs were 8-64 mg/L for strains resistant to ticarcillin. The cefepime MIC50 value for Haemophilus spp. including many resistant to amoxycillin, was 0.03 mg/L. Against methicillin-sensitive strains of Staphylococcus aureus, cefepime MICs were 0.5-16 mg/L; MICs against methicillin-resistant staphylococci were 16- > 128 mg/L). Against methicillin-sensitive coagulase-negative staphylococci, cefepime MIC values were 0.03-16 mg/L; corresponding values for methicillin-resistant strains were 2-128 mg/L. Streptococci (Groups A, C and G) were sensitive to cefepime with MICs ranging from < or = 0.008-2 mg/L (MIC50, 0.03 mg/L; MIC90, 0.25 mg/L). The activity of cefepime against Group B streptococci and pneumococci were comparable, with MIC50 values of 0.12 and 0.25 mg/L, respectively, and MIC90 values of 0.03 and 0.25 mg/L, respectively. Most enterococci and all Listeria monocytogenes strains had MICs > or = 32 mg/L.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:In-vitro antibacterial activity of cefepime: a multicentre study. 815 Jul 67


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