Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The in vitro activity of trovafloxacin against 238 clinical isolates obtained from respiratory specimens were compared with ciprofloxacin. Fifty-four Haemophilus influenzae, 58 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 40 Moraxella catarrhalis, 21 Streptococcus pyogenes, 25 Klebsiella pneumoniae and 40 Staphylococcus aureus (21 methicillin resistant and 19 methicillin susceptible) were studied. The MIC was determined following NCCLS recommendations. Ciprofloxacin and trovafloxacin MIC90 was 0.016 mg/l and 0.016 mg/l for H. influenzae, 4 mg/l and 0. 25 mg/l for S. pneumoniae, </=0.008 mg/l and </=0.008 mg/l for M. catarrhalis, 0.5 mg/l and 0.064 mg/l for S. pyogenes, 0.064 mg/l and 0.25 mg/l for K. pneumoniae, 16 mg/l and 0.5 mg/l for methicillin-resistant S. aureus and 2 mg/l and 0.032 mg/l for methicillin-susceptible S. aureus. According to this data, trovafloxacin showed better in vitro activity than ciprofloxacin in the Gram-positive pathogen studied and similar activity against the Gram-negatives tested.
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PMID:[In vitro activity of trovafloxacin in 238 respiratory pathogens]. 979 89

Examination of 60 elderly outpatients with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) revealed that 73 per cent of the patients isolated the pathogen associations and only 27 per cent isolated the monocultures. Grampositive cocci including Streptococcus pneumoniae were isolated from 70 per cent of the patients, Haemophilus influenzae and H.parainfluenzae were isolated from 20 per cent of the patients and Acinetobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginsa were isolated from 10 per cent of the patients. The patients were treated with ciprofloxacin, cefaclor or amoxycillin/clavulanic acid. Ciprofloxacin proved to be the most efficient agent. The regimens of the ofloxacin use in a dose of 400 mg orally once a day or in a dose of 200 mg intravenously twice a day for 2-4 days followed by the oral use for 6-8 days in the treatment of 24 patients with LRTI hospitalized into a therapeutic unit were compared. it was shown (pharmacokinetically as well) that the regiment with the drug use in the single dose was more efficient. Lomefloxacin was suggested to be the most advantageous drug in the treatment of elderly patients with LRTI because of its easy use, practically no dependence of the pharmacokinetics on the patient age and almost no nephrotoxic action.
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PMID:[Selection of antibacterial therapy for treatment of infections in elderly patients]. 982 5

Many studies have examined the in-vitro activity of ciprofloxacin. The results are for the most part encouraging but we must guard against complacency. Levels of ciprofloxacin resistance vary geographically, while some predictably difficult-to-treat organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii present challenges globally. The emergence of resistance in species previously exquisitely sensitive to ciprofloxacin, such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, in countries associated with 'pirate' production and indiscriminate use of antimicrobials represents a major challenge. Ciprofloxacin continues to show excellent activity against Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catharralis. In general, ciprofloxacin shows good activity against Enterobacteriaceae although the emergence of reduced susceptibility and, sometimes, quinolone resistance in multi-resistant isolates should be noted.
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PMID:The global epidemiology of resistance to ciprofloxacin and the changing nature of antibiotic resistance: a 10 year perspective. 1022 69

Moxifloxacin (Bay 12-8039), ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin were compared in vitro against 1074 clinical isolates gathered from different medical centers throughout North America during the winter months of 1997. Moxifloxacin E tests and broth microdilution tests gave comparable results. Moxifloxacin was particularly potent against respiratory pathogens such as Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Ciprofloxacin was the most potent study drug against the family of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp. For tests of 5 microg moxifloxacin disks, zone size criteria of < or = 17 mm for resistant (MIC > or = 8 microg/ml) and > or = 21 mm for susceptible (MIC < or = 2 microg/ml) are provisionally proposed for use while clinical trials are under way.
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PMID:Antibacterial activity of moxifloxacin (Bay 12-8039) against aerobic clinical isolates, and provisional criteria for disk susceptibility tests. 1038 24

The in-vitro activity of levofloxacin was studied against 10 beta-lactamase-negative and 93 beta-lactamase-positive Moraxella catarrhalis isolates, and 65 beta-lactamase-negative and 35 beta-lactamase-positive Haemophilus influenzae isolates. The MICs of levofloxacin were determined by agar dilution on Mueller-Hinton agar (with the addition of 5% horse blood for M. catarrhalis) or on Haemophilus Test Medium for H. influenzae, and were compared with those of ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin, as well as pefloxacin and D-ofloxacin for M. catarrhalis. The fluoroquinolones showed similar activity against isolates of H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis, irrespective of beta-lactamase production. Levofloxacin (MIC50/90 0.06 mg/L) was 64 times more active against M. catarrhalis than D-ofloxacin (MIC50/90 4/8 mg/L) and twice as active as ofloxacin (MIC50/90 0.125 mg/L). Ciprofloxacin had an MIC50/90 of 0.03/0.06 mg/L and sparfloxacin showed an MIC50/90 of 0.015 mg/L against M. catarrhalis irrespective of the resistance phenotype of the isolates. Against H. influenzae, levofloxacin was twice as active as ofloxacin (MIC90 values 0.03 mg/L versus 0.06 mg/L), while the MIC90s of ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin were both 0.015 mg/L. Our results therefore suggest that levofloxacin has potential for treating respiratory tract infections caused by H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis.
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PMID:In-vitro activity of levofloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone: evaluation against Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. 1040 33

The in-vitro activities of gatifloxacin, trovafloxacin, levofloxacin, sparfloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were tested against 9,682 clinical bacterial isolates from 20 European university hospitals participating in the European SENTRY surveillance programme. Gatifloxacin and trovafloxacin exhibited the highest activities against gram-positive cocci, while levofloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and gatifloxacin were the most active against Enterobacteriaceae. Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin showed the highest antimicrobial activities against Pseudomonas spp., while gatifloxacin and trovafloxacin were the most active against Acinetobacter spp. and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. All Haemophilus spp. and Moraxella catarrhalis isolates were fully susceptible to all quinolones tested. Overall, the new quinolones, showed improved activity against gram-positive cocci and gram-negative non-fermenters while retaining their broad-spectrum activity against gram-negative bacilli.
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PMID:Comparative activities of six different fluoroquinolones against 9,682 clinical bacterial isolates from 20 European university hospitals participating in the European SENTRY surveillance programme. The SENTRY participants group. 1049 7

The responses of Haemophilus influenzae to DNA gyrase inhibitors were analyzed at the transcriptional and the translational level. High-density microarrays based on the genomic sequence were used to monitor the expression levels of >80% of the genes in this bacterium. In parallel the proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. DNA gyrase inhibitors of two different functional classes were used. Novobiocin, as a representative of one class, inhibits the ATPase activity of the enzyme, thereby indirectly changing the degree of DNA supercoiling. Ciprofloxacin, a representative of the second class, obstructs supercoiling by inhibiting the DNA cleavage-resealing reaction. Our results clearly show that different responses can be observed. Treatment with the ATPase inhibitor Novobiocin changed the expression rates of many genes, reflecting the fact that the initiation of transcription for many genes is sensitive to DNA supercoiling. Ciprofloxacin mainly stimulated the expression of DNA repair systems as a response to the DNA damage caused by the stable ternary complexes. In addition, changed expression levels were also observed for some genes coding for proteins either annotated as "unknown function" or "hypothetical" or for proteins not directly involved in DNA topology or repair.
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PMID:Gene expression changes triggered by exposure of Haemophilus influenzae to novobiocin or ciprofloxacin: combined transcription and translation analysis. 1115 10

A beta-lactamase prevalence of 23% was found among 1,730 Haemophilus influenzae isolates. Ampicillin susceptibility was 70%, and 12% of beta-lactamase-negative strains presented diminished susceptibility to ampicillin (BLNAR phenotype). Susceptibility of 90% was found for cefaclor and clarithromycin, whereas it was nearly 100% for cefotaxime, cefixime, azithromycin, and cefuroxime. Ciprofloxacin-resistant (0.1%) and beta-lactamase-positive amoxicillin/clavulanate-resistant (BLPACR) phenotypes (0.1%) are anecdotal so far.
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PMID:Antimicrobial susceptibilities of 1,730 Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Spain in 1998-1999. 1160 Mar 86

In bacterial infections of the sinuses and the middle ear Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Staphylococcus aureus are most frequently isolated, whereas in tonsillopharyngitis Streptococcus pyogenes is the most important pathogen. S. aureus is found in up to 40 % in acute and chronic sinusitis and causes severe complications in otitis media, therefore antibiotics used as empirical initial treatment should also be effective against this pathogen. To decrease duration of illness and to avoid serious complications antibiotic treatment of bacterial ENT-infections is necessary. The new ketolides and the third and fourth generation quinolones are very effective and the second generation cephalosporins like cefuroxime axetil have proven excellent clinical and bacteriological efficacy in numerous clinical trials combined with an excellent resistance pattern over the years. Efficacy of short course therapy (5 days) in sinusitis and tonsillopharyngitis has been proven in clinical trials and is cost saving. In more severe infections treated in hospital sequential i. v./oral therapy offers pharmaco-economical benefits. Both regimen demonstrate cost savings while maintaining high clinical efficacy. In more severe infections like otitis externa diffusa, otitis externa maligna, otitis media chronica and perichondritis Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a dangerous pathogen that has to be covered by initial antibiotic treatment. Ciprofloxacin and Ceftazidime are widely used and effective. Ciprofloxacin resistance has increased, while Ceftazidime susceptibility is unchanged (> 90 %). A dose reduction study with ceftazidime in severe ENT-infections showed equivocal efficacy between 3 x 1 g and 3 x 2 g daily that offers a cost benefit of 50 %.
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PMID:[Current therapeutical management, new antibiotics and treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in bacterial ENT-infections]. 1184 1

A comparison of the structure of ciprofloxacin and grepafloxacin shows that the two compounds are similar, with two exceptions: grepafloxacin has a methyl group at the 5 position and a methyl group attached to the 7-piperazinyl substituent. At the 1 position, both compounds have a cyclopropyl group, which is important for potency, but limits anaerobic activity. The methylpiperazine at position 7 in grepafloxacin is associated with its enhanced Gram-positive activity and long half-life. The methyl group at R5 is also thought to enhance Gram-positive activity. Ciprofloxacin's piperazine group at the 7 position is associated with good Gram-negative activity. Grepafloxacin's Gram-negative activity is comparable to that of ciprofloxacin's against Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and enteric Gram-negative bacilli. Studies of resistance development to fluoroquinolones suggest that grepafloxacin is associated with a reduced selection of resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, which is possibly related to the inhibition or avoidance of efflux transport by NorA.
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PMID:Structure of grepafloxacin relative to activity and safety profile. 1186 45


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